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Comparative Advantage and Trade

Comparative Advantage and Trade. Chapter 3. Comparative advantage (technology differences). unit labor requirement. = units of labor required to produce one. unit of a final good. . By assumption this is independent of the.

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Comparative Advantage and Trade

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  1. Comparative Advantage andTrade Chapter 3

  2. Comparative advantage (technology differences) unit labor requirement = units of labor required to produce one unit of a final good . By assumption this is independent of the number of laborers active in a sector (CRS), but may differ between the two countries. David Ricardo; International trade based on differences in technology Assumptions • 2 countries; A and B • 2 goods; X and Y • 1 factor of production; labor L • Constant returns to scale; CRS • Labor mobility between sectors, not between countries • Perfect competition • No transport costs

  3. USA EU Cloth 6 1 Wine 4 2 Comparative advantage (technology differences) We can make a table to summarize the state of technology Labor productivity; production per hour Note that US is more efficient (higher productivity) than the EU in the production of both goods. The US has absolute cost advantage in both sectors. Why would the US trade with the EU?

  4. USA EU Cloth 12 8 Wine 8 8 Comparative advantage (technology differences) Suppose the US has a total of 4 hours of labor and the EU has a total of 12 hours of labor. Production of cloth and wine Autarky World Production 20 16

  5. USA EU Cloth 24 0 Wine 0 24 Comparative advantage (technology differences) Suppose the US has a total of 4 hours of labor and the EU has a total of 12 hours of labor. Production of cloth and wine Specialization/ comparative advantage World Production 24 24

  6. Price of commodity = Wage rate (per hour) / Labor productivity (per hour) PUS,cloth< PEU,cloth or 1/6 x WUS < 1/1 x WEU (3.2) PEU,wine< PUS,wine or 1/2 x WEU < 1/4 x WUS (3.3) How can we be sure that specialization takes place according to comparative advantage? Combining the two inequalities we get (1/6) < (WEU/WUS) < 1/2 The wage rate in the US can be 2 to 6 times higher than in the EU for production to take place in accordance to comparative advantage

  7. What happens if wages are not in this range? Wages and productivity (Box 3.1)

  8. Differences between country and firm competitiveness Firms can go out of business. Losing market share to a competitor is bad for a firm but may be good for a country. The process of specialization according to comparative advantage may sound unfair to individual firms. Firm relocation to low wage countries may result in unemployment and/or low wages in the home country. Comparative advantage versus competitiveness

  9. Also known as the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model or the factor abundance model. Explains international trade by the differences in factor endowments between countries. Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theorem: A country will export the good that intensively uses its relatively abundant factor of production and import the good that intensively uses its relatively scarce factor of production. Empirical tests of the H-O model (Box 3.3) Factor price equalization The fragmentation of production activities Heckscher-Ohlin Model

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