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Sedimentary Processes

Sedimentary Processes. Hydrologic Cycle. Hydrologic Cycle. Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Precipitation Sublimation Runoff Percolation. Continental Weathering. Physical/mechanical Frost wedging Thermal expansion & contraction Mechanical exfoliation Abrasion Chemical

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Sedimentary Processes

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  1. Sedimentary Processes

  2. Hydrologic Cycle

  3. Hydrologic Cycle • Evaporation • Transpiration • Condensation • Precipitation • Sublimation • Runoff • Percolation

  4. Continental Weathering • Physical/mechanical • Frost wedging • Thermal expansion & contraction • Mechanical exfoliation • Abrasion • Chemical • Dissolution • Oxidation • Hydrolysis • Biological

  5. Thermal Expansion & Contraction

  6. Mechanical Exfoliation

  7. Abrasion

  8. Dissolution • Rainfall naturally acidic: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 carbon dioxide + water carbonic acid • Carbonation H2CO3 + CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 carbonic acid + calcium carbonate calcium bicarbonate

  9. Oxidation • Fe2+ reacts with oxygen to form Fe3+ hydroxides • Goethite • Limonite • Hematite

  10. Hydrolysis • Affects silicate minerals 2KAlSi3O8 + 2H2CO3 + 9H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 4H4SiO4 + 2K+ + 2HCO3- • Orthoclase (aluminosilicate feldspar) + carbonic acid + water Kaolinite (a clay mineral) + silicic acid in solution + potassium and bicarbonate ions in solution

  11. Sediment Transport • Rolling • Saltation • Suspension

  12. Sediment Sinking • Stokes Law • Used to determine the settling rate of small particles with diameters < 0.125mm • Can be used in reverse to determine size of small particles by measuring settling rates • Vcm/s = (2.62 x 104 ) (rcm)2

  13. Oceanic Flux Program (OFP) • Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences

  14. Biological Deposition • Particle aggregation • Electrical attraction • Fecal pellets 2200x

  15. Biological Pump

  16. Carbonate Compensation Depth • The depth above which calcium carbonate accumulates in sediments

  17. Deposition • Bioturbation • Diagenesis • Lithification

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