A History of Western Society Chapter 21 Pg # 98785-832

1. The Cold War: 1945-1991 A History of Western SocietyChapter 21Pg # 98785-832

2. Learning Objectives 1. What were the origins of the Cold War? 2. How did Khrushchev's policies and reforms change the Soviet state after the repression of Stalin? 3. How did the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis strain relations between the United States and the Soviet Union? 4. What impact did Brezhnev have on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe? 5. How did World War II serve as a catalyst for decolonization? 6. Why was France so reluctant to decolonize? 7. Why did European Communism collapse? 8. How did ethnic tensions lead to civil war in Yugoslavia? 9. What vision does Putin have of Russia's place in the world? 10. What forces gave rise to radical political Islamism? 11. How did the events of September 11, 2001 transform the West?

3. Chapter Outline I. The Emergence of the Cold War II. The Khrushchev era in the Soviet Union III. Later Cold War confrontations IV. The Brezhnev era V. Decolonization: The European retreat from empire VI. The turmoil of French decolonization VII. The collapse of European Communism VIII. The collapse of Yugoslavia and civil war IX. Putin and the Resurgence of Russia IX. The rise of radical political Islamism X. A transformed west XI. In perspective

4. REVIEW QUESTIONS The Emergence of the Cold War: 1. How did the United States and the Soviet Union come to dominate Europe after 1945? How would you define the policy of containment? In what areas of the world did the United States specifically try to contain Soviet power from 1945 to 1982? Why were 1956 and 1962 crucial years in the Cold War? The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union: 2. How did Khrushchev’s policies and reforms change the Soviet state after the repression of Stalin? Why did many people consider Khrushchev reckless? Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire: 3. Why did the nations of Europe give up their empires? How did World War II affect the movement toward decolonization? How did Gandhi lead India toward independence? How did French decolonization policies differ from Britain’s? How did the United States become involved in Vietnam?

5. REVIEW QUESTIONS The Collapse of European Communism: 4. What internal political pressures did the Soviet Union experience in the 1970s and early 1980s? What steps did the Soviet government take to relieve these pressures? What role did Gorbachev’s attempted reforms play in the collapse of the Soviet Union? What were the major events in Eastern Europe—particularly Poland—that contributed to the collapse of communism? What are the major domestic challenges to the new Confederation of Independent States? The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War: 5. Was the former Yugoslavia a national state? Why did it break apart and slide into civil war? How did the West respond to this crisis?

6. REVIEW QUESTIONS Putin and the Resurgence of Russia: 6. What were the major difficulties that the Russian Federation faced in the 1990s and beyond? How did the policies of Yeltsin and Putin address them? How has Putin attempted to preside over a resurgence of Russian great power influence? How do his goals in part reflect concern over the example of the political disintegration of Yugoslavia? 7. How did the American response to the attacks of September 11, 2001, divide the NATO alliance? Why do some European nations feel able to dissent from the U.S. position in the Middle East when they rarely did so during the Cold War? 8. What were the major causes for the rise of radical political Islamism? In what ways is the present U.S. intervention in the Middle East a result of decolonization and in what ways are other factors at work?

8. Vocabulary 1. Brezhnev Doctrine(800) 2. decolonization(786) 3. jihad(828) 4. perestroika(813) 5. Cold War(786) 6. detente(801) 7. Marshall Plan(7880 8. Warsaw Pact(786) 9. containment(788) 10. glasnost(813) 11. NATO(786)

10. Cold War Time Line1945-1950 1945 – UNITED NATIONS; COLD WAR STARTS; YALTA AGREEMENT 1946 – 1954 – WAR AGAINST THE FRENCH IN INDOCHINA 1947 – TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1948 – BERLIN AIRLIFT 1949 – SOVIET UNION HAD NUCLEAR BOMB 1949 – NATO FORMED 1949 – COMMUNISTS CONTROL CHINA

11. Origins of the Cold War A. Cold War began at the end of WWII 1. wartime allies (USA, USSR, GB) began to quarrel as the war came to a close over future of Europe 2. Big Three Leaders : Winston Churchill(GB); Franklin Roosevelt (USA); Joseph Stalin(USSR) 3. Tehran conference 1943- Allies agreed to invade western France, open up 2nd front against Germany(became D-day invasion, June 6, 1944) 4. Yalta Conference 1945-Allies agreed to divide Germany, Germany to pay reparations, Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan once war with Germany over 5. Potsdam Conference 1945- US President Truman demanded free elections(unsuccessfully) 6. Stalin wanted buffer zone of Eastern European states friendly to USSR to prevent future invasion from west 7. Stalin feared free elections would result in hostile neighboring govt.’s 8. USA could not influence Eastern Europe, so following countries fell under Soviet influence: Poland, E. Germany, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary

12. Casualties of World War II

13. West vs. East 1. US President Harry Truman cut off financial/military aid to USSR due to Stalin’s insistence on having communist govt.’s in Eastern Europe a. By 1947, firm belief in west that Stalin was attempting to export communism to the west b. Marshall Plan established giving aid and loans to Europe/Japan to assist in rebuilding, stopping communism from spreading ($13.5 billion given) c. 1949, North Atlantic Treaty Organization formed (NATO) to counter Soviet presence in Eastern Europe d. the USSR countered with the formation of the WARSAW Pact which included the Soviet Union and all Eastern European (Soviet) states with the exception of Yugoslavia e. 1949, the Communist Chinese defeated the Nationalist Chinese in their civil war. The Nationalist’s fled to the island of Formosa, renamed it Taiwan

15. The Post War Challenge 1. Post WWII Europe bankrupt, destroyed a. food rationing necessary b. Russia’s border’s pushed westward(kept land gained in Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939), Poland compensated with German land in West. Germans living in these areas displaced westward c. new political parties emerged including Social Democrats, socialists, communists d. Marshall Plan would provide $13.5 billion in direct aid to rebuild western Europe e. western Europe/ USA adopted either free market or modified free market policies which helped to grow econmies

16. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials:1. After the war, people around the world came to realize the full extent of the Holocaust. 2. The Allies put many Axis leaders on trial for “crimes against humanity.”3. Some defendants were put to death though most received prison sentences.

17. Division of Europe and Germany: 1. Germany-Four power control: United States, Soviet Union, France, Great Britain 2. Eastern European countries under Soviet control

18. Division of Berlin 3. In 1961, East Germany Installed fences dividing Berlin separating the East And West 4. 136 people would be killed between 1961 and 1989 attempting to find freedom in the West

20. Divided primarily along religious lines into two states, British India led the way to political independence in 1947. Most African territories achieved statehood by the mid-1960s, as European empires passed away, unlamented.

21. Germany was divided into Four sections of control by the United States, the Soviet Union, France, and Great Britain 2. Berlin was also divided Into Four-Power control even though it was 120 miles inside of East Germany Division of Berlin

22. Millions of refugees fled westward because of war and territorial changes. The Soviet Union and Poland took land from Germany, which the Allies partitioned into occupation zones. Those zones subsequently formed the basis of the East and West German states, as the iron curtain fell to divide both Germany and Europe. Austria was detached from Germany, but the Soviets subsequently permitted Austria to reunify as a neutral state

23. Marshall Plan July 12, 1947: primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the countries of Western Europe, and repelling communism after World War II. $13.5 billion

24. In the early postwar years the Italians had their motor scooters and the French their motorbikes. This ad promises young people that “sooner or later” they will have a “Velo,” and it subtly assures housewives that the bike is safe. In small towns and villages the slow-moving motorbike could be a godsend for errands and daily shopping.

26. Berlin Airlift 2. The initiative was named for Secretary of StateGeorge Marshall 3. Ultimately, the United States gave to Europe and Asia over $13.5 billion dollars in loans and aid to rebuild countries 4. 31 Americans were killed during the period of the Berlin Airlift

27. Standing in the rubble of their bombed-out city, a German crowd in the American sector awaits the arrival of a U.S. transport plane flying in over the Soviet blockade in 1948. The crisis over Berlin was a dramatic indication of growing tensions among the Allies, which resulted in the division of Europe into two hostile camps. The Berlin Airlift

28. Berlin Airlift 5. The Berlin Airlift would last from June 26, 1948 to May 12, 1949, at which time Stalin capitulated and allowed Allied ground travel into Berlin. 6. The Americans called their “Operation Vittles”, while the British called their “Operation Plane Fare”. 7. 2.3 million tons of cargo, and 277,685 flights 8. Everything from coal to flour, candy to potatoes, newspaper to coffee flew on these cargo aircraft and kept Berlin alive

30. Europe

31. Berlin

32. Japanese Economic RecoveryAfter World War II 1945 • Japan occupied by Allies • Emperor stripped of power • Many cities destroyed • Japan prohibited from building up military • Japanese economy devastated • Education reserved for elite • Foreign sources of raw materials for manufacturing greatly reduced By 1975 • Japan becomes ally and trading partner with USA • Democracy established • Cities rebuilt • Japan protected by American “Nuclear Umbrella”, leaving it more money to invest in economy • Japan develops high quality exports and technology; invests in foreign ventures • Education made available to all people • Japan builds up favorable balance of trade; exports finished goods while importing raw materials a

33. Cold War Time Line:1951-1960 1950 – 1953 – KOREAN WAR 1952 – U.S. TEST FIRST HYDROGEN BOMB IN MARSHALL ISLANDS 1953 – SOVIETS TEST HYDROGEN BOMB 1955 – WARSAW PACT CREATED 1957 – LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK 1950s – McCARTHY HEARINGS 1958 – 1960 – GREAT LEAP FORWARD

34. Marshall Plan

39. Korean War: 1950-1953 1. Countries involved: United Nation United States South Korea Australia Belgium Canada France Ethiopia India Columbia Greece Italy Norway South Africa Thailand Turkey Philippines Luxembourg

41. Heartbreak Ridge Bloody Ridge

42. American soldiers on patrol American trenches American artillery in action Korea in the winter

43. Invasion of Inchon