Pulsed Plasma Ignition System

1. Pulsed Plasma Ignition System

2. Nature’s Fire Starter

3. Mankind’s Fire Starter

4. Far superior to standard spark plugs, which do not ignite all the fuel. Pulsed Plasma Fuel Ignition

5. SISCO Pulsed plasma reaches throughout the cylinder and completely ignites even very lean fuel-to-air mixtures.

6. Developed using the newest Plasma Ion Implant theory and technology currently used in semiconductor manufacturing .

7. Breakthrough high voltage electronics and a unique platinum electrode design produce the whole cylinder plasma spark. Notice the fine blue-tinged filaments emanating at right angles to the main fingers.

8. High-energy plasma injects into the cylinder without need for elaborate and various cathode designs. Spark reaches throughout the cylinder because the entire cylinder is the cathode!

9. With the platinum electrode acting as a catalyst, plasma generates ozone, a tri-ox molecule that links with fuel molecules… explosively! This is truly a revolutionary breakthrough in automotive technology!

10. SISCO Most mathematical models of capacitively coupled radio frequency plasmas are based on a linear single frequency sine wave approach.

11. Electrostatic Approximation E = −Φ Is just a crude estimate. It is no longer valid when using increased driving frequencies, plasma densities and discharge sizes. Strong plasma & field non-uniformities are connected with electromagnetic effects.

12. Magnetic Reynolds number measures the importance of electromagnetic effects: Rm= μ0 e2 ne L2 / me if Rmis small electromagnetic effects can be neglected electrostatic approximation suffices for moderate or large Rm the full set of Maxwell’s equations is required, λSCF / L ≡ 1 / √Rm ~ 0.1, . . . , 10.

13. Plasma Permittivity Єp = 1 −ω2pe / ( ω2RF−I ωRF νc ) Assumes single sine waves. Doesn’t represent experimentally observed wave forms. Measured Calculated Doesn’t explain the observed electron heating phenomena.

14. A higher topology model must be used when including non-linear spatial effects. Maxwell’s original four equations used quaternion algebra and had twenty variables in four dimensions.

15. SISCO Space-Time effects were included in Maxwellian topology, before simplification by Heaviside and Lorentz, into contemporary symmetrical mathematical models

16. Maxwell's Equations •  × H= 0∂E / ∂t + j •  × E = − μ0∂ H / ∂t • · H= 0 • · E =  / 0 Where H magnetic field (A/m) E electric field (V/m) j vector current density (A/m2) μ0 = 8.8542 x 10-12 F/m permittivity of free space 0 = 4 x 10-7 H/m permeability of free space  is the scalar charge density (C/m3)

17. Maxwell’s equations include the conduction effect because the collisionless skin depth, or Skin Effect Wavelength is less than or near the plasma dimension λSCF ~L

18. Our approach is electrochemical. In the reaction, dual frequency high voltage pulses excite the Plasma Sheath Boundary, which causes electron heating.

19. The platinum electrode acts as a catalyst to increase Tri-Ox molecule production prior to ignition. A powerful explosion results when the voltage reaches flashpoint.

20. SISCO Higher, multiple frequencies of up to 200 MHz, yield better power coupling, higher plasma density and thus better ignition.

21. Increased Ohmic dissipation caused by dual frequency excitation of higher harmonics substantially contributes to electron heating at low pressure.

22. Excitation of Plasma Series Resonance (PSR) by nonlinearities of the boundary sheath. PSR is a collective oscillation mode characteristic for low-temperature plasmas It derives from the interaction of the kinetic electron energy in the bulk with the electrostatic field energy of the sheath. Klick et al, investigating higher current harmonics in a discharge driven by a purely sinusoidal voltage, identified as an underlying mechanism the excitation of the plasma series resonance (PSR) by the nonlinearities of the boundary sheath.

23. The current has an inverse saw-tooth shape, a characteristic of excited PSR mode damping.

24. Electric model of engine cylinder

25. Idealized cylinder depicted in the figure. Cylinder with radius R and height H; we identify R with the normalization length L, i.e. set R equal to unity. The aspect ratio H/R is denoted η; for calculations we use η = 0.5. The bottom of the cylinder forms the electrode, driven by a harmonic voltage VE= V cos ω t. Mathematical model of engine cylinder

26. Cylindrical coordinates r, φ and z shown in the figure. Top of the cylinder coincides with the surface z = 0 Cylinder bottom is at z = −H, each for 0 r R Mantle is at r = R, for −H z 0 We assume that all quantities are independent of φ.

27. Plasma frequencies Electrons ωpe= e2 ne / 0 me Ions ωpi=  e2 ni / 0 mi PSR frequency ωPSR = s¯/ L ωpe Drive frequency ωRF ionization rate νion λD s¯λSCF~ L νion~ωpiνc~ωRF~ωPSRωpe

28. Debye length λD= √ E0 Te / e2 ne thickness of modulated sheath s¯ = √E0 V / e ne collisionless skin depth λSCF= √ me / μ0 e2 ne plasma dimension L = 0.3m ne= 2 × 1017 m−3 Rm ≈ 6.37 × 102

29. The electric bulk field is the sum of four separate parts, E = EC+ ED+ EN+ EE. Besides the driving power (external excitation EE), the three other contributing forces are: Conservative forces EC Nonlinear sheath potential EN Dissipation ED

30. SISCO

31. "What might appear to be empty space is, therefore, a seething ferment of virtual particles.

32. A vacuum is not inert and featureless, but alive with throbbing energy and vitality.

33. A 'real' particle such as an electron must always be viewed against this background of frenetic activity.

34. When an electron moves through space, it is actually swimming in a sea of ghost particles of all varieties –

35. SISCO virtual leptons, quarks, and messengers, entangled in a complex mêlée.

36. The presence of the electron will distort this irreducible vacuum activity, and the distortion in turn reacts back on the electron.

37. Even at rest, an electron is not at rest: it is being continually assaulted by all manner of other particles from the vacuum." Paul Davies, Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature, Simon and Schuster, NY, 1984, p. 105.

38. SISCO SISCO Pulsed Plasma Ignition System Technology of the Future… Now!

39. Sapphire Injection Systems Corp.