Martin Kroon Ministry of the Environment The Netherlands [with support from Henk Stoelhorst, RWS]

1. SPEED LIMITS AND ECO-DRIVINGLower Speed Limits, Strict Enforcement & Stimulating Eco-Driving for Better Air Quality & Reducing CO2 Emissions in the NetherlandsCare4Air, A Clearer FutureSheffield, September 21st, 2005 Martin Kroon Ministry of the Environment The Netherlands [with support from Henk Stoelhorst, RWS]

2. NL air quality policiesthe Netherlands most polluted EU country due to50%-80% transboundary pollution from UK/B/F/D +dense population,cars/trucks/shipping volumesMany urban NO2/PM10 hotspot road sections10 high density highway hotspots Randstad900 M Euro air quality package 2005 – 2015National/local measures [traffic/infra/town planning, stricter Euro standards essential]Priority for diesel DPF subsidies /retrofit

3. History of current speed limits (1) • The NL highway network designed for a (safe) maximum speed of 120 km/hr [HDV: 80 km/hr] • Since the 1973 energy crisis the general speed limit on all motorways is 100 km/h [other: 80/50/30 km/hr] • Due to poor enforcement, faster cars and lower fuel prices, real speeds in 1986: V50=112 km/hr. • Left – right controversy over raising limit [1983-1987] • New speed limits since 1988 based on Safety + Env : • - 100 km/h near Randstad urban areas (17% net.) • - 120 km/h general speed limit (83% network) • In vehicle km: 30% (100 km/hr) : 70% (120 km/hr) • Policy target set at V50 = 106 km/hr [all network]

4. History of current speed limits (2) • Multiplied enforcement [fines up to 2 M/yr!] + tactics + communication campaigns: drop in real speeds after 1988; speeds stable at V50=109 km/hr = 2%- 4% CO2/NOx traffic emissions reduction, as of 2000 extra Euro 11 M /yr to enforcement [Climate Change Policy budget; funding < fines] • Since 2000 extra speed limit reduction discussed due to local air quality problems: 80 km/hr pilot project at Rotterdam-Overschie since 2002 • 2004: after positive evaluation in-depth analysis of 9 top hotspots and strategic review of speed limits

5. 80 km/hr speed limit at Motorway A13 near Rotterdam (Overschie) proves effective in all respects [2003 evaluation] • Air quality, noise, safety and flow benefits • Speed limit enforcement with electronic section control [av.speed check]:100% • Speeding offences: only 2%! • V50 dropped from <100 to <80 km/hr • Reduction NOx emissions: 15-25% • Reduction NO2 concentrations: 5-10% [5 mgr] • Reduction PM10 emissions: 25-35% • Reduction PM10 concentrations:<5% [3 mgr.] • Accident reduction: >50%! • Traffic calming [keep-your-lane] better flow • Local people and politicians happy

6. Hotspots local air quality

7. In-depth analysis of 9 urban air quality hotspots : 80 km/hr most effective at 5 out of 9 locations • No easy job [modelling, methodology, input!] • Effects differ per location due to congestion/traffic/background: • Reduction local NOx traffic emissions: 4 - 20 % • Reduction total local NO2 concentrations: 0,5 – 6 % • Noise reduction: circa 1 dB(A) • Accident reduction: 20 – 50 % • Throughput: more stable • Traffic flow/driver behaviour effect promising [ecodriving] • Communicating use of top gear at 80 km/hr needed for effects • Parliament 2004 decision: 80 km/hr with strict enforcement at: • A10 West Amsterdam, A20 Rotterdam, A12 Utrecht, A12 The Hague

8. Location Motorway section Average reduction NO2 concentration Average reduction road traffic NOx emission A10 West Amsterdam 3 - 6% 12 - 20% A20 Rotterdam 1 - 3% 7 - 9% A13 Overschie 4 - 6% 10 - 14% A16 Dordrecht 0,5 - 2% 4 - 7% A12 The Hague/Voorburg 2 - 3% 7 - 10% A9 Badhoevedorp 1 - 2% 10 - 14% A12 Utrecht 80/100 2 - 3% 6 - 10% A16 Rotterdam 1 - 2% 7 - 9% Analysis hotspots: variation of effects [1] Dichtbij de weg (50 à 100 meter); gemiddeld wil zeggen over de voor ieder traject representatieve profielen waarvoor de berekeningen zijn gedaan [1] Dichtbij de weg (50 à 100 meter); gemiddeld wil zeggen over de voor ieder traject representatieve profielen waarvoor de berekeningen zijn gedaan

9. Dutch speed limits – conclusions [see www.verkeershandhaving.nl] • NL highway speed limits based on road safety, network design [traffic flow], the environment and feasability of enforcement: 120,100, 80 km/hr • Speed reduction through section control is effective instrument for local air quality and noise, to combine with ecodriving • Strict and effective enforcement [plus full electronic processing] is feasible • Win-win effects overcome conflict of interests: reducing pollution, accidents, noise, congestion and costs through lower speeds [travel times still OK!]

10. VEHICLES AND DRIVER BEHAVIOUR TRENDS • VEHICLE TRENDS [cars] • Constant upgrading in safety, weight, power and performance • Average new car: 1700 cc, 100 HP, 200 km/hr, 1200 kg [NL] • Electr. engine man. + 3way cat.= low pollution in testcycle • DRIVER BEHAVIOUR TRENDS=driver<>vehicle interaction • Old fashioned driving style dominant [low gears/high RPM] • Aggression, fun [“Top Gear”!], self expression, risk compensation • Speed and vehicle dynamics dominant risk/pollution factors • More driver self-restraint needed than ever before [hp/km/acc.] • POLLUTION TRENDS [ road traffic] • Traffic [diesel!] emissions dominate local hotspots • Hard measures [tech.] promising, soft measures [behav.] ready

11. Fuel economy/CO2/NOx reduction potential ECO-DRIVING advanced training • Up to 25% individual fuel savings potential • 5-10% savings in fleet owner practice ECO-DRIVING.... HOW? Less engine speed: gear change at 2000 – 2500 RPM [cars, LDV] Less vehicle dynamics (acceleration/ deceleration/ speeding/ overtaking/ aggression: anticipation) less idling / cold start short trips, tyre pressure +10% CAPACITY >>Training, communication, in-car devices(on-board computer, cruise control, RPM, MDD, GSI) ECCP: EU 15 reduction estimates: 10% fuel costs = 25 billion litres / Euro = >50 Mton CO2

12. Specific power/fuel efficiency engine map [turbocharged-petrol] source: TNO

13. Fuel economy in gears [petrol 1,8 l.] 18 1th gear 16 14 2nd gear 3rd gear 12 l/100 km 10 287* 8 4th gear 5th gear 6 382* 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 km/h

14. Gear change pattern eco-driving vs. the old way 5th 4th 3rd 120 gears 100 2nd 80 km/h 60 1st 40 20 0 revs/min 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

15. How Gear Shifting Affects Fuel Consumption Seat Ibiza 1,4 l. 55 kW at 50 km/hr:in 2nd gear = 3600 RPM = 8 km/lin 3rd gear = 2600 RPM = 12 km/lin 4th gear = 1900 RPM = 17 km/lin 5th gear = 1400 RPM = 21 km/l

16. In-car driver feedback/support devices Feedback unit

17. Communicating eco-driving today!! “You can save 10% - 25% fuel today when you:” Keep your engine speeds between 1200 – 3000 RPM Change gears (up) at 2000 – 2500 RPM [“80 in 5!”] Avoid strong accelerations and full throttle Use your RPM meter / board computer / cruise control Live up to (highway) speed limits or max.120 km/hr Add 10% to standard tyre pressure Less use of airco [= >10% f.c.] or set >21°C. Use your bike for short trips [cold start = 300% f.c.]

18. ECO-DRIVING program implementation • Eco-driving part of CO2 / hotspot policy • Eco-driving part of road safety/speed limit policies • ECO-DRIVING programming and networking • PARTNERS: business organisations and institutions [car business, HDV transport, fuels, driver training, insurance, car lobby, media, lease/fleet owners, NGO’s, local govts., road safety lobby, consumer org. ] • www.ecodrive.org + www.hetnieuwerijden.nl priority: • Training of professional drivers [national, corporate] • Driving licenses and training the trainers [national, EU] • Awareness raising and mass media communication [id.] • Fuel saving in-car devices [EU + car industry] • Tyre pressure, speed limit enforcement [EU/ACEA, nat.]