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The Continuing Story of the Computer Age: Past, Present, and Future

The Continuing Story of the Computer Age: Past, Present, and Future. Appendix. Objectives. Describe the generations of computer design leading up to the present Describe the story of personal computer development Explain the underlying concepts and terms of artificial intelligence

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The Continuing Story of the Computer Age: Past, Present, and Future

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  1. The Continuing Story of the Computer Age:Past, Present, and Future Appendix

  2. Objectives • Describe the generations of computer design leading up to the present • Describe the story of personal computer development • Explain the underlying concepts and terms of artificial intelligence • Explain the fundamentals of expert systems, robotics, and virtual reality • Give examples of the impact these fields have on business and everyday life

  3. Contents • The Computer Age • The First Generation • The Second Generation • The Third Generation • The Fourth Generation • The Fifth Generation

  4. The Computer Age • Rapid changes • Four generations over 50 years • Trends across generations • Decrease size • Increase speed

  5. 1951-1958 Vacuum Tube Heat Burnout Machine language Magnetic core memory Storage Punched cards Tape (1957) The First Generation UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer First computer built for business.

  6. 1959-1964 Transistor Smaller No warm-up time Less energy Less heat Faster More reliable Storage Removable disk pack (1954) Magnetic tape Programming languages Assembly language FORTRAN (1954) COBOL(1959) The Second Generation Used primarily by business, university, government

  7. 1965-1970 Integrated Circuit Electronic circuit on small silicon chip Reliability Compactness Low cost Inexpensive – mass-produced Family of computers Software Upward compatibility Unbundled software Several programs share computer’s resources Interactive processing The Third Generation

  8. The Fourth Generation • 1971-Present • Microprocessor • General-purpose processor on a chip • Explosive growth • Digital watches • Pocket calculators • Personal computers • Cars • Copy machines • Television sets

  9. Personal Computer History Apple (1975) • Home use • Keyboard • Screen • VisiCalc spreadsheet software

  10. Personal Computer History IBM (1981) • Became industry standard • Improved keyboard • 80-character screen • Add memory • Expansion slots • Encouraged hardware and software development by others • Nonproprietary parts • Clones

  11. Personal Computer History Microsoft/Intel • Wintel • Microsoft supplies operating system for PC • MS-DOS • Windows • Intel supplies microprocessor • Continually challenged – others making inroads

  12. Personal Computer HistoryThe Internet Revolution • Started as ARPANet – a network of computers that could survive a nuclear attack • Attractive to the average user • Links • Graphical browser

  13. The Fifth Generation • Mid 1990’s • Intelligent computers • Artificial intelligence • Expert systems • Natural language

  14. The Fifth GenerationAI – Artificial Intelligence • How computers can be used for tasks that required human characteristics • How to make computers do things that people currently do better • Evolving science Robotics Problem Solving Natural languages Expert systems

  15. The Fifth GenerationAI – How Computers Learn • Improve performance based on past errors • Knowledge base – set of facts and rules • Inference engine – applies rules to the facts to create new facts • Example Fact: Amy is Ken’s wife Rule: If X is Y’s wife, then Y is X’s husband Created Fact: Ken is Amy’s husband

  16. The Fifth GenerationData Mining • Extracting previously unknown information from existing data • Relationships • Trends • Look for hidden information that cannot be found because of the size of the database

  17. The Fifth GenerationNatural Language • Humans communicate with computers in the language they use on a daily basis • Ambiguities of natural language

  18. The Fifth GenerationExpert Systems • Software used with an extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topic • User • Knowledge seeker • Asks questions in English-like format • Computer responds with an answer and explanation

  19. The Fifth GenerationBuilding an Expert System Expert system shell Software that contains the basic structure used to find answers to questions Build knowledge base Knowledge engineer writes rules

  20. The Fifth GenerationRobotics • Computer-controlled device that can physically manipulate its surroundings • Primarily found in factories • Field robots • Dangerous work • “Dirty” jobs

  21. The Fifth GenerationVR – Virtual Reality • Engage a user in a computer-created environment • User physically interacts with computer-created environment • Immersion – user becomes absorbed in the VR interaction • How it works • Alters perceptions • Appeals to several senses at once • Presents images that respond immediately to users movements

  22. The Fifth GenerationVR – Virtual Reality • The future of VR • Virtual showroom • Try new medical procedures on simulated patients • Problem • Simulator sickness • Costs

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