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World War I

World War I. Major Themes. Alliances Propaganda Technology Trench Warfare Shift in the view of War. Current US Affairs. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy 1911 Mexican Revolution President Diaz (Pro US) overthrown, Madero takes over

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World War I

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  1. World War I

  2. Major Themes • Alliances • Propaganda • Technology • Trench Warfare • Shift in the view of War

  3. Current US Affairs • Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy • 1911 Mexican Revolution • President Diaz (Pro US) overthrown, Madero takes over • Mexican officers overthrow Madero, General Huerta (Anti-US) takes over • Wilson wants to overthrow Huerta • Wilson used minor incident to seize Veracruz • Mexican guerrillas under Pancho Villaattack US town • Wilson sends US troops under General Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa

  4. Meanwhile in Europe…World War I beginnings • WWI Causes • Alliance systems • Triple Alliance • Franco-Russian Alliance • Arms Race • Dreadnoughts • Increase in sizes of armies • Balkan Crisis • Nationalism: becomes powerful idea in Europe • Self-determination – people of one nation should have their own country • Serbia + Pan-Slavism

  5. World War I beginnings • Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand – murder by Serbian terror group the Black Hand • Austrians demand ultimatum. Serbians do not concede • July 28 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia • Russia immediately mobilizes Army to defend Serbia • Germany defends Austria (Under Kaiser Wilhelm II) declares war on Russia August 1st, and France on August 3rd =War has begun

  6. World War I • Germans prepared for war against France and Russia since forever • Germans planned to take out France first. Required a path through Belgium • Britain promised Belgium neutrality. Once Germany marches through Belgium, Britain declares war on Germany.

  7. The Powers in Europe • Triple Alliance = Central Powers • Triple Entente = Allies

  8. American Neutrality • Wilson wanted to keep US out of foreign wars • Reelected on slogan “He kept us out of war” • Americans began to take sides • German and Irish immigrants sympathized with Central Powers • Many supported Allies • Most remained neutral

  9. American Neutrality • British desperately tried to pull United States into the war • Used Propaganda specified to Americans • Britain cut transatlantic telegraph cable from Europe to the United states • Only British reports got through • Americans only heard about the atrocities the Germans were committing

  10. Causes for US entry in WWI • German Proclamation (1915): all waters around British Isles were official war zones. Germany would sink any ship that entered area (unrestricted submarine warfare) • Ties to Great Britain: Britain is US’s #1 ally. Trade would be affected if Germany won the war.

  11. Causes for US entry in WWI • Sussex Pledge: Germany won’t sink a merchant ship w/o warning • 1915: Germany reneges on this promise when they sink the Lusitania off the coast of Ireland • William Jennings Bryan warned Americans not to travel on British ships, but Wilson did not make it officially illegal • 128 Americans killed

  12. Causes for US entry in WWI • The Zimmerman Telegram 1917 • Reveals Germany’s plan to approach the Mexican government in military alliance • In return, Germany will give Mexico Texas, New Mexico, and Nevada

  13. US declares war April 6, 1917

  14. The Home Front • US unprepared for war • Progressives pushed for Conscription (draft) – Selective Service established • All men 21-30 years required to register (now 18-26) • About 2 million men volunteered for military • 4.7 million Americans served all together • Almost 400,000 Blacks drafted • Served in segregated units

  15. The Home Front • Women in the Military • Served in non-combat positions • Navy enlistees worked as radio operators, clerks, etc. • Army did NOT enlist women except for Army Nursing Corps • “Hello Girls” – women who spoke French sent overseas to man phone systems • Women also served in Red Cross, and Salvation Army in France

  16. The Home Front • Organizing Industry • War Industries Board (WIB) – coordinated production of war material • Food Administration (Herbert Hoover) encouraged Americans to cultivate Victory Gardens: raise food for themselves so farm food could go to troops • US able to avoid rationing at home • Daylight Savings Time introduced to conserve energy

  17. The Home Front • Paying for the War • Government raised taxes • Borrowed money through selling of Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds • Patriotism and financial security • Mobilizing the Workforce • National War Labor Board: prevented strikes from disrupting war effort • Women take men’s placein industry

  18. The Home Front • The Great Migration starts 1916 • Massive migration of blacks from South into Northern states • Better jobs, pay, conditions • From 1916-1970 6 million African Americans move to cities • Mexican Migration • Large migration of Mexicans into US for agricultural/ranching jobs in the West • Also took factory jobs in many major cities • Barrios – Mexican neighborhoods

  19. The Home Front • Civil Liberties • Espionage – spying / sabotage • Espionage Act and Sedition Act 1917: Originally intended to prevent interferences with war efforts/ prevent support of enemies • made it illegal to criticize the government • Schenck v US 1919

  20. The Home Front • Climate of Suspicion • German food names changed • Sauerkraut =liberty cabbage • hamburger= liberty steak • Schools dropped German language courses • German-born citizens, pacifists, labor activists, and socialists attacked

  21. A Bloody Conflict • Trench Warfare • Troops dug in for protection – stalemate • Machine-guns • High-explosive artillery shells • No-Man’s Land – area between the opposing trenches

  22. A Bloody Conflict • Weapon technology changed warfare: tried to break stalemate • Chemical warfare (chlorine, and mustard gas): Used to evacuate trenches • Planes: Early ones = spotters, eventually big enough to bomb • Tanks!! British Mark VI French Renault FT

  23. A Bloody Conflict • American Expeditionary Forces: US Forces sent to France to fight with Allies • John J. “Black Jack” Pershing: commander of the American Expeditionary Forces • Shaped inexperienced Army into an effective fighting force • Doughboys – nickname for US soldiers • Convoy System: US troops and Arms transported to Europe with Naval escorts • Very few loses to German U Boats

  24. Meanwhile, in Russia… • Russian Revolution 1917 • 1917 Russian Czar forced to abdicate to Socialists • Socialists continued war: intro Germany’s secret weapon • Bolshevik (communist) leader, Lenin, becomes head of Russia • Russia ends war with Germany

  25. A Bloody Conflict • 100 days offensive • Battle of Argonne Forest • Part of final Allied offensive • Stretched the entire Western front • Object: capture important rail head, which would break net supporting German Army in France • US suffered heavy casualties but took position • Led to Armistice

  26. A Bloody Conflict • Japan becomes British Ally in 1902 • Will get involved in the War if needed in the Pacific • Enters the war in 1914 • Produced War materials for European Allies • Seizes valuable assets from the Germans in the Pacific

  27. War Ends • Bulgaria first to sign Armistice, Ottoman Empire next • German’s sign Armistice at 11 am on November 11th • http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html

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