Supporting standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test 11 (B)

1. Supporting standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test 11 (B)

2. Supporting Standard (11)The student understands emerging political, economic, & social issues of the U. S. from the 1990s into the 21st century. The Student is expected to: (B) Identify significant social & political advocacy organizations, leaders, & issues across the political spectrum (from the far right to the far left politically speaking)

3. Supporting Standard (11)The student understands emerging political, economic, & social issues of the U. S. from the 1990s into the 21st century. The Student is expected to: (B) 1 Identify significant social & political advocacy organizations

4. Advocacy is a political process by an individual or group which aims to influence public-policy and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions. Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes including media campaigns, public speaking, commissioning and publishing research or conducting exit poll or the filing of an amicus brief. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on an issue which plays a significant role in modern politics. Research has started unfolding how advocacy groups in the U.S. and Canada are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. Advocacy is a political process by an individual or group which aims to influence public-policy and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions. Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes including media campaigns, public speaking, commissioning and publishing research or conducting exit poll or the filing of an amicus brief. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on an issue which plays a significant role in modern politics. Research has started unfolding how advocacy groups in the U.S. and Canada are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action.

5. There are several forms of advocacy, each representing a different approach in a way to initiate changes in the society. One of the most popular forms is social justice advocacy. There are several forms of advocacy, each representing a different approach in a way to initiate changes in the society. One of the most popular forms is social justice advocacy. Although it is true, the initial definition does not encompass the notions of power relations, people’s participation and a vision of a just society as promoted by social justice advocates. For them, advocacy represents the series of actions taken and issues highlighted to change the “what is” into a “what should be,” considering that this “what should be” is a more decent and a more just society (ib., 2001.)]. Those actions, which vary with the political, economic and social environment in which they are conducted, have several points in common (ib., 2001.). They: Question the way policy is administered Participate in the agenda setting as they raise significant issues Target political systems “because those systems are not responding to people’s needs” Are inclusive and engaging Propose policy solutions Open up space for public argumentation. Although it is true, the initial definition does not encompass the notions of power relations, people’s participation and a vision of a just society as promoted by social justice advocates. For them, advocacy represents the series of actions taken and issues highlighted to change the “what is” into a “what should be,” considering that this “what should be” is a more decent and a more just society (ib., 2001.)]. Those actions, which vary with the political, economic and social environment in which they are conducted, have several points in common (ib., 2001.). They: Question the way policy is administered Participate in the agenda setting as they raise significant issues Target political systems “because those systems are not responding to people’s needs” Are inclusive and engaging Propose policy solutions Open up space for public argumentation.

6. Some of the other forms of advocacy include: Budget advocacy: Budget advocacy is another aspect of advocacy that ensures proactive engagement of Civil Society Organizations with the government budget to make the government more accountable to the people and promote transparency. Budget advocacy also enables citizens and social action groups to compel the government to be more alert to the needs and aspirations of people in general and the deprived sections of the community. Bureaucratic advocacy: people considered “experts” have more chance to succeed at presenting their issues to decision-makers. They use bureaucratic advocacy to influence the agenda, however at a slower pace. Express versus issue advocacy: These two types of advocacy when grouped together usually refers to a debate in the United States whether a group is expressly making their desire known that voters should cast ballots in a particular way, or whether a group has a long term issue that isn’t campaign and election season specific. Health advocacy: Health advocacy supports and promotes patient’s health care rights as well as enhance community health and policy initiatives that focus on the availability, safety and quality of care. Ideological advocacy: in this approach, groups fight, sometimes during protests, to advance their ideas in the decision-making circles.

7. Interest-group advocacy: lobbying is the main tool used by interest groups doing mass advocacy. It is a form of action that does not always succeed at influencing political decision-makers as it requires resources and organization to be effective. Legislative advocacy: legislative advocacy is the “reliance on the state or federal legislative process” as part of a strategy to create change. Mass advocacy: is any type of action taken by large groups (petitions, demonstrations, etc.) Media advocacy: is “the strategic use of the mass media as a resource to advance a social or public policy initiative” (Jernigan and Wright, 1996.) In Canada for example, the Manitoba Public Insurance campaigns illustrate how media advocacy was used to fight alcohol and tobacco-related health issues. We can also consider the role of health advocacy and the media in “the enactment of municipal smoking bylaws in Canada between 1970 and 1995.” Special Education Advocacy: is advocacy with a “specific focus on the educational rights of students with disabilities.”

8. Interest-group advocacy--Domestic National Rifle Association & 2nd Amendment

10. Competing ideas among Lobbies with different agendas

11. Supporting Standard (11)The student understands emerging political, economic, & social issues of the U. S. from the 1990s into the 21st century. The Student is expected to: (B) 2 Identify significant social & political advocacy issues (e.g., ethnic cleansing) across the political spectrum

12. Advocacy for groups in jeopardy International Committee of the Red Cross and National Societies & the Croatian War of Independence, 1991-95 Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory with the intent of creating a territory inhabited by people of a homogeneous or pure ethnicity, religion, culture, and history. The forces applied may be various forms of forced migration (deportation, population transfer), as well as mass murder, and intimidation. Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory with the intent of creating a territory inhabited by people of a homogeneous or pure ethnicity, religion, culture, and history. The forces applied may be various forms of forced migration (deportation, population transfer), as well as mass murder, and intimidation.

13. Slobodan Milosevic, the Communist leader whose embrace of Serbian nationalism set off almost a decade of Balkan warfare Ethnic cleansing is usually accompanied with the efforts to remove physical and cultural evidence of the targeted group in the territory through the destruction of homes, social centers, farms, and infrastructure, and by the desecration of monuments, cemeteries, and places of worship. Ethnic cleansing is usually accompanied with the efforts to remove physical and cultural evidence of the targeted group in the territory through the destruction of homes, social centers, farms, and infrastructure, and by the desecration of monuments, cemeteries, and places of worship. Initially used by the perpetrators during the Yugoslav Wars and cited in this context as a euphemism akin to that of the “final solution,” by the 1990s the term gained widespread acceptance in academic discourse in its generic meaning. The widespread ethnic cleansing accompanying the Croatian War of Independence that was committed by Serb-led JNA and rebel militia in the occupied areas of Croatia (self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina) (1991–1995). Large numbers of Croats and non-Serbs were removed, either by murder, deportation or by being forced to flee. According to the ICTY indictment against Slobodan Milosevic, there was an expulsion of around 170,000 Croats and other non-Serbs from their homes. Initially used by the perpetrators during the Yugoslav Wars and cited in this context as a euphemism akin to that of the “final solution,” by the 1990s the term gained widespread acceptance in academic discourse in its generic meaning. The widespread ethnic cleansing accompanying the Croatian War of Independence that was committed by Serb-led JNA and rebel militia in the occupied areas of Croatia (self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina) (1991–1995). Large numbers of Croats and non-Serbs were removed, either by murder, deportation or by being forced to flee. According to the ICTY indictment against Slobodan Milosevic, there was an expulsion of around 170,000 Croats and other non-Serbs from their homes.

14. Following the abrogation of Krajina, around 200,000 Serbs fled Croatia during or after Operation Storm, out of which at least 20,000 were deported, according to the ICTY verdict. Croatian generals Ante Gotovina and Ivan Čermak were eventually convicted by the Tribunal. Widespread ethnic cleansing accompanied the War in Bosnia (1992–1995). Large numbers of Croats and Bosniaks were forced to flee their homes by the Army of the RepublikaSrpska. Beginning in 1991, political upheavals in the Balkans displaced about 2,700,000 people by mid-1992, of which over 700,000 sought asylum in Europe. Ethnic cleansing of non-Croats in the breakaway state the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia. More than 800,000 Kosovo Albanians fled their homes in Kosovo between 1998 and 1999 during the Kosovo War. In the aftermath of Kosovo War between 200,000 and 250,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled Kosovo. At least one additional thousand of Serbs fled their homes during the 2004 unrest in Kosovo and numerous religious and cultural object were burned down.

15. Advocacy contributed to the eventual NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina that comprised a series of actions undertaken by NATO to establish, and then preserve, peace during and after the Bosnian War. NATO’s intervention began as largely political and symbolic, but gradually expanded to include large-scale air operations and the deployment of approximately 60,000 soldiers under Operation Joint Endeavor. Advocacy contributed to the eventual NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovinathat comprised a series of actions undertaken by NATO to establish, and then preserve, peace during and after the Bosnian War. NATO’s intervention began as largely political and symbolic, but gradually expanded to include large-scale air operations and the deployment of approximately 60,000 soldiers under Operation Joint Endeavor.

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