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Introduction to Historical Perspectives

Introduction to Historical Perspectives. Ms. Simon September 11, 2010. Today’s Agenda: 1) Attendance 2) Homework Buddies 3) Class Positions 4) Useful Course Websites 5) Textbook Distribution 6) Introduction to Historical Perspectives. Do Now.

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Introduction to Historical Perspectives

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  1. Introduction to Historical Perspectives Ms. Simon September 11, 2010

  2. Today’s Agenda:1) Attendance2) Homework Buddies3) Class Positions4) Useful Course Websites5) Textbook Distribution6) Introduction to Historical Perspectives

  3. Do Now Draw a line and label one end science and the opposite end humanities Where would psychology fall? _______________________________ Hard Sciences Humanities (Chemistry, Physics) (Philosophy, Art)

  4. Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior Science includes:

  5. AIM: What are the historical roots of psychology?

  6. I. Historical Origins Etm: psych: Soul or breath of life A. Mind-body dualism: Proposed by Socrates and Plato Mind is Separate from the Body

  7. B. Aristotle Knowledge is acquired through scientific methods Monism- the mind and body are one

  8. B. Renee Descartes “Cogito ergo sum” The interaction between brain and body occurs in the pineal gland

  9. Franz Joseph Gall • Phrenology= mental abilities are located in specific regions of the brain

  10. Summary: Who said: “The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds true of particular parts of the soul?” Psychology is the _________________ The idea that the mind is separate from the body is known as __________ _____________ Phrenology was studied by _____________?

  11. Historical Perspectives Ms. Simon September 14, 2010

  12. Do Now: • Prop up name tag. • Take out homework from last night. Discuss answers with your neighbor • What is meant by the “blank slate” theory of consciousness?

  13. Nature or nurture?

  14. AIM: What is the history of psychology?

  15. Wave 1: Introspection

  16. Wave 1: Introspection (1879) Wilhelm Wundt sets up first psychology laboratory in Germany Very influential psychologist Proposes structuralism- Breaks consciousness into structures mind combines subjective emotions and objective sensations

  17. Wave 1: Introspection Example: bright red color (sensation) and frustration (emotion) leads to anger

  18. Wave 1: Introspection Student Edward Titchner brought science of psychology to U.S. Introspection: subjects record cognitive reactions to simple stimuli (Branch of Structuralism)

  19. Why might introspection be considered “unscientific?” Subjective Self reports are not accurate Words may have different meanings to us Many confounding variables

  20. William James William James (1890) writes the Principles of Psychology Rejects structuralism Introduces Functionalism

  21. Functionalism Studies how cognitive structures evolved function to enable an organism to adapt and survive Examples: nose, consciousness

  22. Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology

  23. Wave Two: Gestalt Founder: Max Wertheimer German word Gestalt meaning “form” or “whole” Examines consciousness as total experience, rather than divide into different parts

  24. AP PSYCHOLOGY:Contemporary Approaches and MethodsSeptember 15, 2010

  25. Subfields of Psychology • Basic Psychology • Applied Psychology

  26. Psychiatry

  27. AIM: What are the contemporary perspectives in psychology?

  28. WAVE THREE: Psychodynamic

  29. Psychodynamic Approach • Sigmund Freud (1856- • 1939) is the founder • Unconscious thought is • in conflict with conscious • behavior • Defense mechanisms- • repress unconscious

  30. Psychodynamic Approach Psychoanalysis Free Association Dream Interpretation

  31. 1) Psychodynamic Perspective Psychotherapy uncovers unconscious desires or impulses, focus on childhood

  32. WAVE Four: Behaviorism

  33. Behavioral Approach • US in 1900’s • John B Watson (late 1800’s) founder of Behaviorism • Believes any behavior can be shaped and controlled

  34. 2. Behavioral Perspective The study of observable behavior (no mental processes) Explains psychology by principles of learning *How does the behavioral perspective differ from the psychoanalytical perspective?

  35. 3. Biological Approach Thought and behavior influenced by genes, hormones and neurotransmitters 1) Psychobiology- Mind and body are Interrelated 2) Evolutionary- behaviors evolved Because they were advantageous DRUGS!!!

  36. 4. Cognitive Approach Emphasizes how people think AND interpret as the basis for understanding human behavior, • Emerges in the 1960’s in response to behaviorism • Combines computer science, neurology, linguistics, and philosophy • Serial vs. Parallel Processing • http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php

  37. 5. Sociocultural Approach • Focuses on human activity in a social context • How do thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures?

  38. 6. Humanist Approach • Emphasizes the potential for individual growth and self-awareness • Carl Rogers- focuses ones • self-concept, or how a person • defines their own reality • -Self-concept is a strive for • self-actualization

  39. Humanist Approach

  40. AP Psychology Ms. Simon September 17-24, 2009 Introduction to Research Methods

  41. Do Now: What are the 6 contemporary perspectives in psychology?

  42. Overconfidence Our tendency to overestimate how well we can predict different situations We rely on our own judgments rather than hard facts

  43. Hindsight Bias The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it “I knew it all along!”

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