M erve YÖRÜR 1730688

1. Merve YÖRÜR1730688

2. Outline Socialphobiacriteria Etiology of socialphobia Treatments of socialphobia Conclusion

3. Persistentfear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people. Exposure to the feared situation almost invariably provokes anxiety. The person recognizes that this fear is unreasonable or excessive. The feared situations are avoided or else are endured with intense anxiety and distress.

4. Symptoms of TheSocialPhobia Emotional Physical Behavioral

5. Emotional Symptoms of Social Phobia Excessive self-consciousness and anxiety in everyday social situations Intense worry for days, weeks, or even months before an upcoming social situation Extreme fear of being watched or judged by others, especially people theydon’t know Fear that they’ll act in ways that otherswill embarrass or humiliate themselves Fear that others will notice that they’re nervous

6. Physical Symptoms of Social Phobia Red face, or blushing Shortness of breath Upset stomach, nausea (i.e. butterflies) Trembling or shaking (including shaky voice) Racing heart or tightness in chest Sweating or hot flashes Feeling dizzy or faint

7. Behavioral Symptoms of Social Phobia Avoiding social situations to a degree that limits theiractivities or disrupts theirlife Staying quiet or hiding in the background in order to escape notice and embarrassment A need to always bring a buddy along with themwherever theygo Drinking before social situations in order to soothe theirnerves

8. Aetiology of SocialPhobia • Biologicalfactors • Brain activities • Neurotransmitters • Genetics • Psychologicalfactors • Learning and Personal Experiences • Attention and Memory • Influence of parent-child interaction • Beliefs and Interpretations about Social Situations • Avoidance and other Anxious Behaviors

9. Brain Activity Left amygdala (left) and medial prefrontal cortex (circled in yellow, right) activated strongly in people with social phobia (in comparison to those without GSP) in response to criticism of themselves. People with social anxiety disorder show increased activity in the amygdala when confronted with threatening faces or frightening social situations Also, theyshow decreased activity in cortical areas involved in planning and the complex interpretation of events

10. Neurotransmitters Close relationship with the imbalance of the brain's neurotransmitters e.g., People with social anxiety disorder may be extra-sensitive to the effects of serotonin which is responsible for monitoring and regulating emotions. Also, patients with social phobia may have less dopamine than normal.

11. Genetic Factors The pattern of social anxiety disorder across identical and fraternal twins suggests a role for genetics in the transmission of social anxiety disorder across family members. Some studies examining personality traits that are related to social anxiety, specifically neuroticism (e.g., a tendency to feel or become easily distressed and anxious) and introversion (e.g., a tendency to be socially withdrawn), have been found to be highly heritable.

12. PsychologicalFactorsLearning and Personal Experiences A history of negative experiences in social situations e.g., being teased at school may cause a person to subsequently fear or avoid social situations An individual who is exposed to others with extreme social anxiety e.g., growing up with parents who have social anxiety disordermay learn to fear the same situations just through observation.

13. Influence of Parent-child Interaction • Exert greater control • Show less warmth • Are less sociable • Use shame to discipline child

14. Attention and Memory Generally people with social anxiety disorder tend to pay more attention to, and remember more accurately, socially threatening information than people without social anxiety. E.g. People with social anxiety disorder appear to be particularly good at remembering faces, especially negative or critical faces, compared to people without social anxiety disorder.

15. Beliefs and Interpretations about Social Situations People with social anxiety disorder tend to hold beliefs and interpret social events in such a way as to maintain or increase their anxiety. Worried about others reactions to their behavior and to noticing their symptoms of anxiety (e.g., blushing, shaking, sweating). More negative evaluations of their performance in social situations compared to people who are not socially anxious. Tend to interpret neutral facial expressions negatively, and expect that negative consequences of social events will be more likely and more costly.

16. Avoidance and Other Anxious Behaviors Avoidance of social situations prevents people with social anxiety disorder from learning that social and performance situations are not as “dangerous” as they feel. Certain anxious behaviors (e.g., avoiding eye contact, standing far away from others, speaking quietly) may lead some people with social anxiety disorder to actually be judged more negatively by others, thereby maintain the anxious beliefs.

17. Treatments • Biologicaltreatments • Cognitivebehavioraltherapy • Cognitiverestructuring • Exposure to Feared Situations • Exposure Role Plays • Social Skills Training

18. Biological Treatments Medications include antidepressantsand antianxiety medications. Anti-anxiety medication may reduce the patient’s level of anxiety in a short time, but it is habit-forming with significant long-term side effects. Also, Beta blockers help the patients in a particular situation such as giving a speech through reducing heart pounding, blood pressure, shaky voice and trembling limbs.

19. Type of Medication

20. Cognitive Restructuring Involves learning to identify one’s anxious thoughts and to replace them with more realistic thoughts. For example, if an individual is afraid of writing in front of others because of possibly being judged for having shaky hands, he or she might be encouraged to examine realistically the likelihood that others will in fact notice the shaky hands and the likelihood that if others do notice, they will think terrible things about the individual.

21. Exposure to Feared Situations Also called in vivo exposure , involves confronting a feared situation repeatedly, until the situation no longer triggers fear. For example, someone who identifies talking to people of authority as a fearful situation might purposefully go to a professor Exposure works best when it occurs frequently (e.g., several times per week), and lasts long enough for the fear to decrease (up to two hours).

22. Exposure Role Plays Role plays are similar to the exposure practices described above, except that they are simulated practices instead of practicing the real thing. For example, someone who is anxious about going to a job interview might practice a simulated interview with a friend, family member, or therapist. When the role play practices become easier, the individual may then move on to practice exposure in the real situation.

23. Social Skills Training Because of avoiding certain social situations for an extended time some people with social anxiety disorder might develop some bad habits in social situations, including making poor eye contact, lack of certain basic public speaking skills and engaging in other anxious behaviors. Social skills training includes teaching an individual how to make the best impression during a job interview, how to be more assertive, and how to use nonverbal communication (e.g., body language, eye contact) more effectively.

24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kitHQUWrA7s

25. Conclusion Socialphobiacriteria Etiology of socialphobia Treatments of socialphobia

26. References http://www.helpguide.org/mental/social_anxiety_support_symptom_causes_treatment.htm http://www.socialanxietyinstitute.org/dsm-definition-social-anxiety-disorder http://anxiety.stjoes.ca/socialphobia.htm http://www21.ha.org.hk/smartpatient/en/chronicdiseases_zone/details.html?id=184#4 http://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2008/social-phobia-patients-have-heightened-reactions-to-negative-comments.shtml http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kitHQUWrA7s