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How can forces be represented?. The forces acting on any object can be shown using a force diagram. A force diagram uses labelled arrows to show all the forces acting on the object. air resistance. The direction of each arrow shows the direction of each force.
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How can forces be represented? The forces acting on any object can be shown using a force diagram. A force diagram uses labelled arrows to show all the forces acting on the object. air resistance • The direction of each arrow shows the direction of each force. • The length of each arrow is proportional to the size of the force. What is the force diagram for this ball when it first starts to fall? weight Forces are measured in newtons (N)
upthrust friction thrust weight What forces act on a swimming fish? What forces are acting on this fish as it swims at a constant speed? Upthrust is the upwards force on the fish caused by the water around the fish. This is sometimes called buoyancy. Thrust is the forwards force created by the fish.
upthrust airresistance friction thrust weight What forces act on a moving boat? What forces are acting on this accelerating boat? Air resistance is friction caused by movement through air.
What are resultant forces? There are usually several different forces acting on an object. The overall motion of the object will depend on the size and direction of all the forces. The motion of the object will depend on the resultant force. This is calculated by adding all the forces together, taking their direction into account. 50N 30N Resultant force on the crate = 50N – 30N = 20N to the left
What is friction? What is friction and why is it an important force?
friction pulling force What is friction? Friction is a resistive force that slows things down and tries to stop objects sliding past each other. Friction always acts in the opposite direction to which an object is moving or trying to move. What would happen if friction didn’t exist?
What causes friction? Friction occurs between two objects because the surfaces of those objects are rough, and contain bumps and hollows. This roughness means that a force is needed to move the two objects over each other. Even objects that appear very smooth, such as polished metal or ice, have a rough surface if viewed under a microscope.
Reducing the impact of air resistance Friction caused by air resistance affects the speed and fuel consumption of vehicles such as cars, bikes and aeroplanes. Vehicles are specially shaped, or streamlined, to enable air to flow past them as easily as possible, therefore reducing air resistance. Which of these cars is the most streamlined? In a similar way, ships and boats have streamlined hulls to reduce the drag effects of water.
What is Newton’s first law? If the forces on an object are balanced, the object will continue to do what it is already doing: If the resultant force acting on an object is zero, all the forces are said to be balanced. This forms the basis of Newton’s first law of motion, which states: • if the object isstationary, it willremain stationary • if the object ismoving, it willcontinue to moveat the same speed and in the same direction.
What is Newton’s second law? If the forces on an object are unbalanced, two things about the object can change: If the resultant force acting on an object is not zero, all the forces are said to be unbalanced. This forms the basis of Newton’s second law of motion, which states: • the speed of the object may change – it may either increase or decrease • the direction of motion may change.
How is movement calculated from force? force = mass x acceleration The resultant force acting on an object is related to the object’s mass and acceleration. These three factors are linked by the following equation: • Resultant force is measured in newtons (N). • Mass is measured in kilograms (kg). • Acceleration is measured in metres per second per second (m/s2).
How do we use Newton’s second law? A car has a mass of 1,000kg. What force must the car’s engine supply to cause an acceleration of 2m/s2? force = mass x acceleration = 1,000 x 2 = 2,000N
x Using a formula triangle A formula triangle helps you to rearrange a formula. The formula triangle for force (f), mass (m) and acceleration (m) is shown below. Cover the quantity that you are trying to work out, which gives the rearranged formula needed for the calculation. So to find force (f), cover up f… …which gives the formula… f = m x a
How do we use Newton’s second law? = 10,000 12,000 acceleration = force mass A lorry has a mass of 12,000kg. What acceleration is caused by a force of 10,000N? force = mass x acceleration = 0.83 m/s2
reactionforce weight What forces support objects? What forces are acting on Mel’s computer? The computer is pulled downwards by the force of gravity and causes it to have weight. Thetable exerts an equal and opposite force pushing upwards on the computer. This is called the reaction force. These forces are balanced so the computer does not move. What forces are acting on Mel as she works at her computer?
What is Newton’s third law? If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal but opposite force on object A. A force cannot exist on its own – there is always a second force acting against it. This forms the basis of Newton’s third law of motion states, which states: These pairs of forces that act between two objects are sometimes called action–reaction pairs.
Balanced and unbalanced forces How many pairs of balanced, unbalanced and action–reaction forces can you spot?
Glossary (1/2) • air resistance –A frictional force that acts against an object moving through air. • balanced –A pair of opposing forces that are the same size and which have no effect on an object’s speed or direction. • drag – A frictional force that acts against an object moving through liquid. • friction –A force between two touching objects that tries to oppose movement. • reaction force– The opposing force created by an object in response to another force.
Glossary (2/2) • resultant force – A single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on an object added together. • terminal velocity– The velocity of a falling object reached when its weight and air resistance are balanced and it no longer accelerates. • unbalanced –A pair of opposing forces that are different in size and which cause an object to change its speed or direction. • upthrust –An upwards force acting on an object in a liquid or a gas. • weight –The force created by the gravitational attraction on a mass, measured in newtons (N).
