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micro.magnet.fsu/primer/virtual/virtual.html

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/virtual/virtual.html. Microscope. Instrument for observing small objects. Different parts of a microscope. Revolving nosepiece. Eyepiece. Body tube. Objective. Coarse adjustment. Clip. Fine adjustment. Condenser. Arm. Stage. Iris diaphragm.

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micro.magnet.fsu/primer/virtual/virtual.html

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  1. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/virtual/virtual.html

  2. Microscope • Instrument for observing small objects

  3. Different parts of a microscope

  4. Revolving nosepiece Eyepiece Body tube Objective Coarse adjustment Clip Fine adjustment Condenser Arm Stage Iris diaphragm Condenser control knob Mirror Base

  5. Introduction • Cells are the basic units of organisms • Cells can only be observed under a microscope • Two basic types of cells: Animal cell Plant cell

  6. Protist Kingdom e.g. Amoeba

  7. . Paramecium Dennis Kunkel's Microscopy http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/~kunkel/gallery/

  8. Paramecium Protista Tutorial http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/protista.html

  9. Cell wall Plant Cell • Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibres • Strong and rigid • In plant cells only

  10. Cell wall Plant Cell • Protects and supports the cell • Resists entry of excess water into the cell • Gives shape to the cell

  11. Cell wall Plant Cell • A dead layer freely permeable

  12. Cell membrane Plant Cell • Lies immediately against the cell wall • Made of protein and lipid • Selectively permeable

  13. Cell membrane Plant Cell • Can control the movement of materials into and out of the cell

  14. Cytoplasm Plant Cell • Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane • Provide a medium for chemical reactions to take place

  15. Cytoplasm Plant Cell • Contains organelles and granules • e.g. chloroplast • e.g. mitochondrion

  16. Organelles • has specific functions • in cytoplasm

  17. Chloroplast Plant Cell • Contains the green pigment chlorophyll • To trap light energy, to make food by photosynthesis

  18. Chloroplast Plant Cell • Contains starch grains (products of photosynthesis)

  19. Mitochondrion( mitochondria ) Plant Cell • For respiration

  20. Mitochondrion( mitochondria ) Plant Cell • active cells ( e.g. sperms, liver cells) have more mitochondria

  21. Non-living granules Plant Cell • Starch granules • Oil droplets • Crystals of insoluble wastes

  22. Vacuole Plant Cell • large central vacuole • Contains cell sap • a solution of chemicals (sugars, mineral salts, wastes, pigments)

  23. Nucleus Plant Cell • 1.Controls the normal activities of the cell 2. For heredity • Bounded by a nuclear membrane • Contains thread-like chromosomes

  24. Nucleus Plant Cell • Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes • Chromosomes carry genes • genes control cell characteristics

  25. Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells root hair Root Hair Cell Different kinds of plant cells

  26. Animal cell vacuole cytoplasm nucleus • No cell wall and chloroplast • Small vacuoles • Stores glycogen granules and oil droplets in the cytoplasm glycogen granule cell membrane mitochondrion

  27. white blood cell Amoeba red blood cell muscle cell sperm cheek cells nerve cell Paramecium Different kinds of animal cells

  28. Similarities between plant cells and animal cells • Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm • Both have a nucleus • Both contain mitochondria

  29. Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells No cell wall Cell wall present

  30. Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen granules as food store Starch granules as food store Nucleus at the centre Nucleus near cell wall

  31. The cell as the basic unit of life • Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms • Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only • The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions • e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption

  32. Levels of organization • Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions

  33. Tissue • A group of similar cells to perform a particular function • Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue • Plants :vascular tissue, mesophyll

  34. Organ • Different tissues grouped together to carry out specialized functions • Heart :consists of muscles, nervous tissues and blood vessels • Leaf :consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissues

  35. System • Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a coordinated way • Human :digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems

  36. System in our body • examples of systems : • Digestive System • Respiratory System • Circulatory System • Nervous System • Reproductive System

  37. Level of Organization • cells (e.g. muscle cells) • tissues (e.g. muscle) • organs (e.g. heart) • systems (e.g. circulatory system) • organisms (e.g. man)

  38. ~ END~

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