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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. Immunity and Infection. The Chain of Infection. Links in the Chain Transmitted through a chain (six links) Pathogen - disease causing microorganism Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen: Person, animal, or environmental component Portal of Exit Means of transmission

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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 Immunity and Infection

  2. The Chain of Infection Links in the Chain Transmitted through a chain (six links) Pathogen - disease causing microorganism Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen: Person, animal, or environmental component Portal of Exit Means of transmission Direct transmission Indirect transmission Vectors – carrier of the pathogen from one host to another Portal of entry Penetration of the skin Inhalation through mouth or nose Ingestion New host Breaking the Chain 2

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  4. Body’s Defense System Physical and Chemical barriers Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract The Immune System Immunological Defenders Neutrophils Macrophages – “big eaters” Natural killer cells Dendritic cells – eat pathogens and activate lymphocytes Lymphocytes T-cells Helper, Killer, and Suppressor B-cells Antibodies Memory T and B cells 4

  5. The Inflammatory Response Histamine. Dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness, and swelling. The immune response Phase 1 – Dendritic cells are drawn to the site Phase 2 – Helper T cells multiply Production of Killer T and B cells Cytokines – chemical messengers Phase 3 – Killer T cells strike Cell-mediated immune Antibody-mediated immune response Phase 4 – Last Phase – Suppressor T-cells Slow down activity 5

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  7. Immunity An infected person will never get the same illness again. Lymphocytes create amplification of the immune response are reserved by memory T and B cells Symptoms and contagion Incubation – viruses are multiplying in the body or when bacteria are actively multiplying Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of the immune response cycle Prodromal period – the infected host has acquired immunity 7

  8. Immunization The process of ‘priming’ the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen. Types of vaccines VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies. ACTIVE IMMUNITY - person produces his or her own antibodies to the microorganism. PASSIVE IMMUNITY- Injection of antibodies produced by other human beings or animals. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY-The ability of a memory lymphocytes to remember a previous infection. (chicken pox). 8

  9. Allergy: The Body’s Defense System Gone Haywire The Body’s Defense System Gone Haywire Allergies Allergens Pollen, Animal Dander, Dust mites and cockroaches, Molds, Food, Insects The Allergic response Immunoglobulin (IgE) Anaphylaxis 9

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  11. Dealing With Allergies Avoidance Medication Immunotherapy “allergy shots 11

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  13. Pathogens and Disease Bacterium – Microscopic single celled organism Pneumonia Meningitis Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections Toxic shock and other staphylococcal Tuberculosis Tickborne infections Ulcers Other Bacterial infections Tetanus Pertussis Urinary tract infections 13

  14. Antibiotic Treatment Actions of Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Proper antibiotics usage Don’t take an antibiotic every time you are sick Use antibiotics as directed Never take an antibiotic without an prescription 14

  15. Type of Pathogens Viruses – (parasites – take what they need) Most common contagious disease Common Cold Influenza Measles, Mumps and Rubella Chickenpox, Cold Sores, and other herpes-virus infections Varicella-zoster virus Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Viral encephalitis Viral hepatitis Poliomyelitis Rabies Human papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment 15

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  17. Types of Pathogens Fungi – Primitive plant – Yeast infections, athletes foot, jock itch, and ringworm Candida albicans Protozoan – Microscopic single-celled animal – Malaria, African sleeping sickness, Giardiasis, Tricomonias, Trypanosomiasis, and Amoebic dysentary. Parasitic worm – Largest organism that can enter the body – Tapeworm, Hookworm, and Pinworm. Prions – Fetal degeneration disorders of the CNS, linked to “proteinaceous infectious particles. Lack DNA and RNA Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) Spongelike holes in the brain Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease – Human Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease 17

  18. Emerging Infectious Diseases Selected Infections of concern West Nile virus Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Rotavirus Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Hantavirus Ebola 18

  19. Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections Drug Resistance Poverty Breakdown of public health measures Environmental changes Travel and Commerce Mass food production and distribution Human behaviors Bioterrorism 19

  20. Other Immune Disorders: Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases If the immune system breaks down Getting older HIV infection Chemotherapy Autoimmune diseases Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythmatosus 20

  21. Support Your Immune System How to support your immune system General guidelines • Plenty of clean water • Avoid contact with vermin • Practice safe sex • Do not use Injectable drugs • Vaccinations • Controlling Stress • Balanced diet • Enough sleep • Exercise • Don’t smoke • Moderation of alcohol • Wash your hands • Avoid contact with contagious people 21

  22. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) • Also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) • Spread of an infection from person to person mainly through sexual activity. • STDs that pose a major health threat: • HIV/AIDS • Hepatitis • Syphilis • Chlamydia • Gonorrhea • Herpes • Human papillomavirus (HPV) • CDC (2008) estimated 65 million Americans were infected with an STD, and about 19 million Americans become newly infected with an STD each year. 22

  23. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Leading cause of death in many parts of the world. • Worldwide, AIDS is the leading cause of death for people age 15-59 • Approximately 65 Million people around the world have been infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) since the epidemic began. • Nearly 1% of the world’s population • About 3 million infections per year • 1.1 million Americans have been infected and about 500,000 have died since the start of the epidemic. • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus which causes AIDS. 23

  24. What is HIV Infections? • HIV attacks and invades CD4 T-cells, monocytes and macrophages. • HIV enters a human cell and coverts its own genetic material, RNA, into DNA • AIDS opens the possibility for a opportunistic infections. • Once initial symptoms resolve, the asymptomatic period may last from 2 to 20 years. 24

  25. Transmitting the Virus • HIV lives only within cells and body fluids. • 3 primary means of transmission are: (1)Specific kinds of sexual contact, (2) direct exposure to infected blood, and (3) HIV-infected women to her fetus. • Sexual contact • Direct contact with infected blood. • Mother-to-Child transmission. • Vertical or perinatal, transmission • Not through casual contact. 25

  26. Populations of Special Concern for HIV infection • Most common exposure has been sexual activity between men; injection drug use, and heterosexual contact. • African American men and women are vastly overrepresented among people newly diagnosed with AIDS. • See “HIV/AIDS Among African Americans and Latinos” 26

  27. Figure 13.3 Routes of HIV transmission among adults 27

  28. Symptoms of HIV Infection • Few days or weeks, half the people will develop (Flu like symptoms) • Fever, fatigue, rashes, headache, swollen lymph nodes, body aches, night sweats, sore throat, nausea and diarrhea. • Specialized test HIV RNA assay. • Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia (fungal infection). • Kaposis sarcoma. • Difficult to treat yeast infections in women • Tuberculosis 28

  29. Diagnosing HIV Infection • Most common is tests for the presence of antibodies to the virus. • HIV antibody test • ELISA (first test) if positive then the. • Western blot ((second test), Immunoflourescence assay)) • IF HIV-positive then check the status of the CD4-t cells. • New diagnostic test – HIV Replication Capacity. 29

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  32. Chlamydia Trachomatis • Most prevalent bacterial STD in the U.S. • Bacterial infection - • Can cause sterility in men and women • WOMEN infects the cervix and to urethra, fallopian tubes & ovaries, PID, bladder infections. • MEN- Epididymitis, urethra to testes, urethritis, bladder infections, watery discharge. • Symptoms –ASYMPTOMATIC :Discharge, pain and burning while urinating, vaginal bleeding, painful intercourse, abdominal pain, nausea, fever, inflammation of rectum or cervix, swelling and pain in the testes. 32

  33. Chlamydia Trachomatis • Spread - vaginal and anal intercourse, from the birth canal to the fetus • Diagnosis - Examination of tissue samples or urine • Treatment - Both partners treated fully with antibiotics • Protection - Condoms and safe sex 33

  34. Gonorrhea • 350,000 new cases reported to the CDC in 2006. • 5.5% increase over 2005. • Bacterial infection -Can cause sterility, arthritis and heart problems • PID, can cause ectopic pregnancy, premature labor and still birth, arthritis, and rashes • Gonococcal conjunctivitis • Eye infection of a infant that can cause blindness if not treated • Symptoms – • Women - Asymptomatic - Frequent burning urination, menstrual irregularities, pelvic pain, discharge. • Males – thick yellow-white discharge, painful urination. 34

  35. Gonorrhea • Spread - Vaginal, anal and oral sex. • Diagnosis - Microscopic exam of discharge. • Treatment - Oral antibiotics - People often have chlamydia at same time. • Protection - Condoms and safe sex. 35

  36. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID) • Progressive infection that harms a women’s reproductive system. Can lead to sterility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pain - treated or not. • Caused by Chlamydia and gonorrhea. • Symptoms - long and painful periods, discharge, spotting, low abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, pain during intercourse. 36

  37. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID) • Treatment - Antibiotics, bed rest, sexual abstinence and maybe surgery to remove scarring • Diagnosis - Pelvic Exam, cultures, laparoscopy • Protection - Condoms and safe sex 37

  38. Human Papillomavirus • More than 80% of sexually active individuals will have been infected with HPV by the age of 50. • Vaccine • Is not a treatment for HPV for girls or women who are infected with HPV. • Symptoms • Small bump on the skin or a large, warty growth • Cauliflower-like mass • May cause irritation and bleeding • How is it spread • Diagnosis • Appearance of the lesions • Women who are positive should have a Pap test very 12 months • Treatment • Removed by cryosurgery, electrocautery or laser surgery • Protection 38

  39. Genital Herpes • 1 in 5 adults in the U.S. has genital herpes • Two forms - Herpes simples virus-1 and -2. • HSV 1 (Type 1) is associated with cold sores and fever blisters. • Oral-labial herpes • 50-80% of U.S. adults have antibodies to HSV-1 • HSV 2 (Type 2) • Usually occurs during adolescence and early adulthood • Between 18 -25 years old • Approximately 22% of adults have antibodies to HSV 2 • Remains in the body for life. • Symptoms – 90% have no symptoms • Recurring rash, pain ulceration's. • Primary outbreak - pain and discomfort around infected area, itching, burning during urination. • 2-20 days after infection - may years before outbreak. 39

  40. Herpes • Spread - Touching, sexual intimacy - including kissing, vaginal, oral and anal sex • Diagnosis - Examination of sores and culturing of fluid taken from sores • Treatment - No cure - symptoms are relieved by drugs • Protection - Refrain for sex during out break • HSV-1 and 2 can cause miscarriages or still births along with serious health issues of newborns 40

  41. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) • Can cause liver disease and death • Inflammation of the liver • Preventable with vaccination. • Transmission - Semen, saliva, blood and urine • Symptoms - Extreme fatigue, headache, fever, hives, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, tenderness in lower abdomen • Diagnosis and Treatment • Blood Test • No cure • Prevention 41

  42. Syphilis • 7000-10,000 new cases of early syphilis in the U.S. • Syphilis organism remains in the body for life and leads to disfigurement, neurological disorders, or death. • Effective antibiotics and condom use. • Symptoms – • Primary phase- 3 weeks - 90 days - painless sores and wet ulcers (chancre) and swollen glands. • Secondary Phase - 3-6 weeks - up to 2 years body rash, mild fever, fatigue, sore throat (Flu like symptoms), and hair loss. • Late phase (tertiary)- Damage to organs and nervous system. • Diagnosis and Treatment • Examination of infected tissues and with blood tests • Treated by antibiotics 42

  43. Other STD’s • Trichomoniasis • “Trich” • Single-celled organism • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) • Abnormal vaginal discharged caused unhealthy species of normal vaginal bacteria • Pubic Lice “Crabs” • Contagious parasitic infections • Scabies • Contagious parasitic infections 43

  44. What You Can Do • Education. • Diagnosis and Treatment • Get vaccinated • Be alert for symptoms • Get tested • Inform your partners • Get Treated • Prevention • Use a barrier defense. • Know your potential partner. • Ask. Are you ready to have sex? 44

  45. Chapter 13 Immunity and Infection

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