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EXAMPLES OF CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. Main points follow a time pattern Specific Purpose: To inform my audience how the Great Wall of China was built. Central Idea: The Great Wall of China was built in three major stages Main Points:
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EXAMPLES OF CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER Main points follow a time pattern Specific Purpose:To inform my audience how the Great Wall of China was built. Central Idea:The Great Wall of China was built in three major stages Main Points: I. Building the Great Wall began during Qin dynasty of 221-206 BC II. New sections of the Wall were added during Han dynasty of 206 BC-220 AD III. The Wall was completed during Ming dynasty of 1368-1644
EXAMPLES OF SPATIAL ORDER Main points follow a directional pattern or have a spatial relationship Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the structure of a hurricane. Central Idea: A hurricane is a meteorological phenomenon consisting of an eye, eyewall, and spiral rain bands • Main Points: • At the center of a hurricane is the calm, cloud-free eye. • Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, a dense ring of clouds that produces the most intense wind and rainfall. • Rotating around the eyewall are large bands of clouds and precipitation called spiral rain bands.
EXAMPLES OF CAUSAL ORDER Main points show a cause-effect relationship Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that the de-clawing of cats should be outlawed Central Idea:De-clawing can have serious and potentially fatal effects on cats Main Points: • De-clawing is a painful procedure in which a cat’s claws and first joint are surgically removed [CAUSE] • Declawed cats are unable to protect themselves outside, and are unable to climb and scratch, both of which are natural feline activities [EFFECT]
EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM-SOLUTION ORDER First main point shows existence of a problem and second main point presents a solution to the problem Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that legislation is needed to control the abuses of fraudulent charity fund-raisers. Central Idea:Fraudulent charities raise millions of dollars from unsuspecting citizens due to a lack of governmental oversight and public unawareness. Main Points: I. Fraudulent charity fund-raising has become a widespread national problem. [PROBLEM] II. The problem can be solved by a combination of governmentinitiative and individual awareness. [SOLUTION]
EXAMPLES OF TOPICAL ORDER Main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics. Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the major kinds of fireworks Central Idea:The major kinds of fireworks are skyrockets, Roman candles, pinwheels, and lances Main Points: • Skyrockets explode high in the air, producing the most dramatic effects of all fireworks • Roman candles shoot out separate groups of sparks and colored flames with a series of booming noises • Pinwheels throw off sparks and flames as they whirl on the end of a stick or post • Lances are thin, colorful fireworks used in ground displays
CONNECTING IT ALL Transition A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another. • At the same time, we need to consider the effect on humans. • If that is true,what about those who can’t afford it? Internal Preview A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next. • Many people say that spanking is the best way to discipline an out-of-control child. I’d like to show you why this isn’t true. • There are four major studies which have been done in the last 5 years on the effects of cigarette smoking and sexual dysfunction. I’ll be highlighting two of the most widely-quoted ones here in order to give you some insight into the problem.
Internal Summary • A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding point or points. • Again, let’s look at the key facts: Child abuse is a cyclical problem. The vast majority of child abusers were themselves abused as children. And 90% of the men on Death Row were victims of violent child abuse. • As I mentioned previously, before we start to talk about a cure, we need to understand the causes of the disease: close contact, poor hygiene, and substandard nutrition. • Signpost • A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas. • The most critical point to remember is that the rain forests are in trouble. • The second reason for voting is to allow your voice to be heard.
