Understanding Pregnancy: Process, Risks, and Developmental Stages

1. An _______ goes down the ______________after ovulation; if a ________ makes its way from the vagina through the uterus to the egg within ______ hours, conception is likely to occur.

2. Egg surrounded by sperm. A sperm __________ the egg and _________ occurs. It is called a _______ until it reaches the uterus in 3-4 days.

3. The embryo may float freely in the uterus for about ______before __________ Upon implantation, complex connections between the mother and embryo develop to form the placenta.

4. Multiple Pregnancy • Sometimes _______ __________________ _____________; this is called multiple pregnancy. • Multiple pregnancies are _____ ______ _______than single ones. • Twins are more likely than triplets, and triplets are more likely than quadruplets. • Becoming more common today because of the use of _____________.

5. Multiple Pregnancy • Frequency of twins is about ___________. • Likelihood of having 3 or more is ____________births. • The number of twins continue to rise. • Health of multiple births are concerning doctors because of low birth weights (under 3.3 pounds). • Puts them at risk for severe vision, hearing, mental, and developmental disabilities.

6. Twins • Twins are almost 5 times (triplets 10 times) more likely to die in their 1st year than single birth children. • 2 types of twins: • _____________ • _____________

7. Fraternal Twins • ____________________ • Fraternal twins grow from _________________. • Each ________ carries a different _______ code from same parents. • Can be twins, triplets, or higher. • May or may not be the same ____________ • __________________.

8. Identical Twins • Children develop from a ________that was fertilized by a ______________ • During the early days of pregnancy, the ovum splits to produce two or more children. • _______________________________________. • Babies have an _________________________ • Some twins are _____________(they look the way you and your mirror image would appear)

9. Conjoined Twins • If the ovum __________________, the babies will be conjoined twins. • The bodies of these twins are joined in one or more places.

10. Call the doctor if any of the following occur: • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________

11. Other considerations: • ____________________, including over-the counter drugs, unless approved by your doctor. • No____________________. • No __________. • No ___________________. • No ______________________. • Avoid cats, cattle, sheep and pigs. They have a parasite that causes toxoplasmosis.

12. Stages of Prenatal Development • ___________: Conception takes place • ___________: tiny human implants into mothers uterus • ___________: mother’s menses stop • ___________: heart begins to beat • ___________: pumps own blood through separate closed circulatory system with own blood type

13. Stages of Prenatal Development • _________: eye, ear, respiratory system form • _________: brain waves recorded, skeleton complete, reflexes present • _________: all body systems present • _________: squint, swallows, moves tongue, makes fist • _________: spontaneous breathing movements, has fingernails, all body systems working.

14. Stages of Prenatal Development • ________: weighs one ounce • ________: genital organs clearly differentiated, grasps with hands, swims, kicks, turns, somersaults (still not felt by mother) • ________: vocal cords work; can cry • ________: has hair on head, weighs 1 lb., 12 inches long

15. Stages of Prenatal Development • 23 wks: _______ chance of viability outside of womb if birth premature • 24 wks: _______ of babies survive premature birth • 25 wks: _______ of babies survive premature

16. Overview: 1st Trimester • _________________________________ • Essential to the proper development of the infant • All organs, nerve cells, and brain cells develop • It’s vital that all necessary nutrients be available to the fetus in order to develop properly

17. Overview: 2nd trimester • _______________________ “Golden Trimester” • Mother usually feels the best • Morning sickness and nausea have generally disappeared

18. Overview: 3rd Trimester • _________________________________ • These are important months for the baby as its organs and body systems mature and prepare to function on their own. • Fat accumulated during this time will help give the baby a “head start” on life

19. Overview • Prenatal Development is separated into 3 periods • __________________ • Zygote: begins at conception and lasts until implanted in the mother’s uterus (10-14 days) • Zygote grows to be about the size of a pinhead • Roots grow from the zygote into the wall of the uterus so they can receive nutrients from mothers blood

20. Overview • 2nd period is known as the ______________ • Embryo: lasts from 2 weeks to 8 wks after conception • Embryo is attached to the mom by the umbilical cord (20 inches long) which reaches from the embryo’s stomach to the wall of the uterus • Umbilical cord is attached to the placenta (serves as a medium for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and baby. • Embryo is inside the amniotic sac (protects baby against bumps, bruises, and temperature change

21. Overview • 3rd stage is the _________________ • Fetus: period extends from the end of the 2nd month of pregnancy until birth • The body parts, organs, and systems which were formed during the embryo period will become much more developed and being to function. • The fetus will begin to resemble a human and features will increase in clarity.

22. Signs and SymptomsPregnancy – 40 weeks • A missing ______________ • _________________and nausea • Frequent ______________ • _______________ • Breasts enlarge • _________________________ A simple urine test from the doctor will show whether or not a woman is pregnant.

23. First Month • By the end of the first month, the embryo is about _______________. The heart, which is no larger than a ______________, has begun beating.

24. Two Months The embryo grows to about an inch long and has distinct, slightly webbed fingers. Veins are clearly visible. The placenta is already nourishing the baby through the umbilical cord. The heart has divided into right and left chambers. Veins are clearly visible. Most vital organs are developed.

25. Three Months • Starting at eight weeks, your baby is called a _______. By the end of the first trimester, the fetus is 2 1/2 to 3 inches long and is fully formed. He has begun ___________________. All organs and muscles have formed and are beginning to function. The arms, legs, hand, and fingers are fully developed. The nails on his fingers and toes are starting to develop

26. _________ – Every woman’s body reacts differently to pregnancy. • Oily, dry or scaly • Stretch marks • Facial skin may darken • ______________ • Need a few extra breaks or time to relax. • May experience mood swings, depression and bad dreams. • Feel _________________

27. Four Months • Your baby is about 2 inches long and is covered with a layer of thick, downy hair called ______. The first outlines of the face are showing. His heartbeat can be heard clearly. This is when many mothers feel their baby's first thrilling kick (quickening).

28. Five Months If you have an ultrasound, you might see him sucking his thumb. By the end of this month, your baby will be nearly 8 inches long and weigh almost a pound. The skull bones are the most important bones being developed at this time.

29. Six Months Tiny eyebrows and eyelids are visible. There is a lot of evidence to show that the baby can ________ the outside world. Your baby's lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, and he has started to practice breathing movements. If you talk or sing, he can hear you. Fingerprints are formed.

30. Abdomen ___________ • __________ is common • Expectant fathers take more interest because they can feel the baby move. • ___________________ • A mother should feel the baby move every couple of hours. If not, she should call her doctor.

31. Discomforts that might be experienced • _____________ • _____________ • _____________ • _____________ • _____________

32. Seven Months • By the end of the seventh month, your baby weighs about 3 1/2 pounds and is about 12 inches long. His body is well formed. Fingernails cover his fingertips. He may try to turn toward a source of bright light.

33. Eight Months • Your baby is gaining about half a pound per week, and layers of fat are piling on under his skin. He has probably turned head-down in preparation for his coming birth. He weighs between 4 and 6 pounds.

34. Nine Months • Your baby is a hefty 6 to 9 pounds and measures somewhere between 19 and 22 inches. The lungs develop in preparation fro breathing and the head is now head-down. As he becomes more crowded, you may feel him move around less. The last few weeks, the baby “drops” in preparation for delivery – giving the mother a little breathing space.

35. ___________________ Sharp _____________/cramping Loss of _________ Frequent ___________ _________ disturbances Nausea or __________ Sudden and excessive swelling of _______, ________, and _____ _____________ Burning, painful _________ _________ Vaginal discharge Danger Signals Call the doctor if any of these problems occur.

36. Weight gain during pregnancy25-30 pounds • ________ – 7 ½ pounds • ________ – 1 ½ pounds • ________ – 2 pounds • ______________– 1 ½ pound • ______________________– 4 ½ pounds • __________________– 3 pounds • __________________________– 4 pounds

37. Pregnancy Issues • ____________________ • ____________________ • ____________________ • ____________________ • ____________________ • ____________________

38. Toxemia • A condition in pregnancy, also known as pre-eclampsia (or preeclampsia) characterized by abrupt hypertension (a sharp rise in blood pressure), leakage of large amounts of the protein into the urine, and edema (swelling) of the hands, feet, and face. • Pre-eclampsia is the most common complication of pregnancy. It affects about 5% of pregnancies. • It usually occurs in the third trimester (the last third) of pregnancy • It’s usually most common in 1st pregnancies and for those who are carrying multiplies or have diabetes.

39. Ectopic Pregnancy • An ectopic pregnancy is a condition in which a fertilized egg settles and grows in any location other than the inner lining of the uterus. • The vast majority of ectopic pregnancies occur in the Fallopian tube (98%), however, they can occur in other locations, such as the ovary, cervix, and abdominal cavity. • An ectopic pregnancy occurs in about one in 50 pregnancies. • The major health risk of ectopic pregnancy is rupture leading to internal bleeding.

40. Stillborn • A stillbirth occurs when a fetus which has died in the uterus or during labor or delivery, exits a woman's body. • The term is often used in distinction to live birth or miscarriage. Most stillbirths occur in full term pregnancies. • It can occur from infections, placental abruptions, trauma, umbilical cord accidents, etc.

41. Spontaneous Abortion • A miscarriage, that is, any pregnancy that is not viable (the fetus cannot survive) or in which the fetus is born before the 20th week of pregnancy. • Spontaneous abortion occurs in at least 15-20% of all recognized pregnancies and usually takes place before the 13th week of pregnancy.

42. Placental Abruption • Placental abruption is a complication of pregnancy, wherein the placental lining has separated from the uterus of the mother. It refers to the abnormal separation after 20 weeks of gestation and prior to birth. • It is the most common cause of late pregnancy bleeding. • It occurs in 1% of pregnancies world wide with a fetal mortality rate of 20-40% depending on the degree of separation. • Placental abruption is also a significant contributor to maternal mortality

43. Placenta Previa If you have placenta previa, it means that your placenta is lying unusually low in your uterus, next to or covering your cervix. The placenta is the pancake-shaped organ — normally located near the top of the uterus — that supplies your baby with nutrients through the umbilical cord.

44. Placenta Previa