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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton. INTRODUCTION. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the arms, legs, hips, and shoulders. The primary function of the appendicular skeleton is movement.

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton

  2. INTRODUCTION • The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the arms, legs, hips, and shoulders. • The primary function of the appendicular skeleton is movement. • It also provides attachment points for muscles, supports and protects internal organs, and stores and releases calcium. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  3. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle The human body has two shoulder girdles that attach the arms to the axial skeleton. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle is the entire shoulder area, including: - clavicle - scapula - associated joints and muscle attachments Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  4. Clavicle • We have 2 clavicles, slender, S shaped bones, also called collar bones, which attach the shoulder to the breastbone. • They lie horizontally across the thorax (chest) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  5. Fractured Clavicle • The clavicle is one of the most frequently broken bones in the body. • It breaks when you fall and brace yourself with your arm. • It is usually treated with a sling to keep the arm from moving outward. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  6. Scapula • The scapula (shoulder blade) is a large, flat, triangular blade that connects the tendons and muscles needed to move the arms. • We have 2 Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  7. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY) • Each upper limb (ARM) consists of 30 bones: • The humerus (1) • The ulna and radius (2) of the forearm • The carplas in your wrist (8) • The metacarpals in your palm (5) • The phalanges (14) which are your fingers Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  8. Humerus • The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb. • It goes from the scapula to the elbow, where it meets the radius and the ulna. • The ulnar nerve, which causes the “funny bone” reaction, can easily be felt at the base of the humerus, in the elbow joint, between the radius and ulna Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  9. Ulna and Radius • The ulna is located on the medial aspect of the forearm (closer to the midline) – on the pinky finger side of the hand. • The radius is located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm. Radius fracture is common in older adults. • They connect the elbow to the wrist. thumb pinky Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  10. Carpals • The eight carpal bones, bound together by ligaments, comprise the carpus (wrist). • The carpal tunnel is a concave space between the carpal bones, and can become inflamed by repetitive motion. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  11. The 8 bones of the carpus • Proximal row (closer to arm): scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform • Distal row (closer to fingers): trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate • “Stop letting those people touch the cadaver’s hand” Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  12. Metacarpals • The metacarpus is the palm of the hand, and it consists of 5 bones, called the metacarpals. • They are numbered I-V, starting with the thumb, from lateral to medial. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  13. Phalanges • The phalanges are the bones of the digits, or fingers. • There are 14 phalanges in each hand. • The digits are also numbered I to V, with I being the thumb and V being the pinky. • A single bone of a digit is called a phalanx. Each phalanx has a base, a shaft, and a head. • Another word for thumb is pollex, and it has only 2 bones. The other digits have 3 each (index, middle, ring, little). • The first row of bones (closest to palm) are the proximal row, the middle is the middle row, and the ones at the tips of the fingers are the distal row. • Joints in the fingers are called interphalangeal joints. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  14. Skeleton Project: Due Friday Make a creative representation of the skeleton. It can be a poster, a picture, a song, a video, a puppet, a documentary, a poem, a skit, a story, a power point, a model, a sculpture…anything you can think of! You must include (either by labeling or describing) the 30 arm and 30 leg bones, the clavicle, scapula, pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis), and hips. These are INDIVIDUAL projects, and each person will present in 1-2 minutes on THIS FRIDAY. You are responsible for both an oral presentation and the actual physical project that you are turning in. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  15. PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE • The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of two hipbones, the sacrum, and the coccyx, and provides a strong and stable support for the lower extremities, on which the weight of the body is carried. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  16. The Hipbone • The ilium is the biggest part of the hipbone (and is the top part) • Bone marrow aspiration or bone marrow biopsy are frequently performed on the iliac crest in adults. • The ischium is the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone • The pubis is the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  17. True and False Pelvis • The top half of the pelvis is called the “false pelvis” because it encloses organs of the abdomen, not the pelvis (except for the bladder) • The bottom half of the pelvis is called the “true pelvis” and it has an inlet, outlet, and cavity. It is the route through which the baby exits the female body. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  18. Pelvimetry • Pelvimetry is the measurement of the size of the inlet and outlet of the birth canal. • This is what doctors measure to determine how far a woman has dilated, and if she needs a cesarean section. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  19. Female and Male Skeletons • Male skeleton • larger and heavier • larger articular surfaces • larger muscle attachments • Female pelvis • wider & shallower • larger pelvic inlet & outlet • more space in true pelvis Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  20. COMPARISON OF FEMALE AND MALE PELVES • Male bones are generally larger and heavier than those of the female; the male’s joint surfaces also tend to be larger. • Muscle attachment points are more well-defined in the bones of a male than of a female due to the larger size of the muscles in males. • A number of anatomical differences exist between the pelvic girdles of females and those of males, primarily related to the need for a larger pelvic outlet in females to facilitate childbirth. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  21. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY) • Each lower extremity is composed of 30 bones: • The femur (1) • The patella (kneecap) (1) • The tibia and fibula (2) • The 7 tarsals in the ankle • The 5 metatarsals in the foot • The 14 phalanges (bones of the digits) in the toes. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  22. Femur • The femur or thighbone is the largest, heaviest, and strongest bone of the body. • It connects the hip bone to the knee. • It is common fracture site Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  23. Patella • The patella or kneecap is a small, triangular, sesamoid bone located anterior to the knee joint. • It functions to increase the leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps muscle, to maintain the position of the tendon when the knee is bent, and to protect the knee joint. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  24. Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome • “Runner’s Knee” • The patella can move left and right as well as the normal up and down. • This is caused by stress on the knee from frequent running and jogging, and is very painful. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  25. Tibia • The tibia or shinbone is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg (closer to calf/midline) • Of all the long bones of the body, it is the most frequently fractured. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  26. Fibula • The fibula is behind and parallel to the tibia, and is smaller. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  27. Bone Grafting • Bone grafting consists of taking a piece of bone from one part of the body to replace a missing bone somewhere else. • The most common bone that is taken for grafting is the fibula (remember only the tibia bears weight) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  28. Tarsals • Your ankle is your tarsus. • It consists of 7 tarsal bones: • Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Third Cuneiform, Second Cuneiform, First Cuneiform, Cuboid • “Tall centers never take shots from corners” Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  29. Metatarsals • The metatarsus is the intermediate region of the foot. • It is made of 5 metatarsal bones, numbered I to V fro the big toe out to the pinky. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  30. Fractures of the Metatarsals • Fractures of the metatarsals are common among female ballet dancers • If dancers come off their toes too quickly, the full body weight is placed on the metatarsals, causing fracture Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  31. Phalanges • The arrangement of phalanges in the toes is the same as that described for the fingers and thumb - fourteen bones in each foot • The toes are numbered I to V, the big toe is I. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  32. Arches of the Foot • The bones of the foot are arranged in two non-rigid arches • They are held in position by tendons and ligaments • These enable the foot to support the weight of the body; provide an ideal distribution of body weight over the hard and soft tissues, and provide leverage while walking. • The longitudinal arch has two parts, and runs from the heel to the ball of the foot. • The transverse arch horizontally spans your foot beneath the metatarsals. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  33. Clinical Problems • Flatfoot • weakened ligaments allow bones of medial arch to drop • Clawfoot • medial arch is too elevated • Hip fracture • 1/2 million/year in US • osteoporosis • arthroplasty Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

  34. Development of the Skeletal System • All skeletal tissue comes from the mesoderm layer of the embryo • The skull and vertebrae start to form 4 weeks after fertilization • 5 weeks after fertilization, arm and leg buds appear • By 6 weeks, hands and feet form • By the 12th week, most primary bone growth is complete Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

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