Lecture 5

1. Lecture (5) Consonants

2. Consonants and vowels are two different qualities of sounds that are found almost in all languages of the world. Consonants: are defined as the sounds articulated by obstruction in the air stream which passes through the mouth.

3. Consonants are classified in terms of: Voicing Place of articulation Manner of articulation Oral or nasal

4. Voicing: On the basis of voicing, consonants are divided into `voiced consonants� and `voiceless consonants�. Voiced consonants are those which are articulated with the vibration of the vocal cords.

5. In English voiced consonants are /b, d, g, v, z/. Voiceless consonants are articulated without vibration of vocal cords. Examples: /p, t, k, , f, s, h/.

6. Place of articulation: It classifies speech sounds in terms of which organ of the vocal tract produced the sound.

7. 1-Bilabial Bilabial sounds are those sounds made by the articulation of the lips against each other. Examples of such sounds in English are the following: [b], [p], [m]. 2-Labiodental Labiodental sounds are those sounds made by the articulation of the upper teeth towards the lower lip. Examples of such sounds in English are the following: [f], [v]. 3-Interdental Interdental sounds are those sounds made by the articulation of the tongue between the teeth. Examples of such sounds in English are the following:

8. 4-Alveolar Alveolar sounds are those sounds made by the articulation of the tip of the tongue towards the alveolar ridge, the ridge of cartilage behind the teeth. Examples of such sounds in English are the following: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n]. 5-Velar Velar sounds are those sounds made by the articulation of the back of the tongue towards the soft palate . Examples of such sounds in English are the following: [k], [g], 6-Palatal Palatal sounds are those sounds made by the articulation of the body of the tongue towards the hard palate. An example of such a sound in English is [j].

9. Manner of articulation: How is the airflow regulated by the tongue or lips.

10. 1-Plosives /stops/: A plosive is formed by the complete obstruction. This obstruction is then released, allowing the air to "explode" out of the mouth. Examples: /p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/

11. 2-Fricatives A fricative is formed by a constriction in the vocal tract by the articulators, such as the tongue or the lips. Some of the air is allowed to come through a very narrow opening causing friction between the airflow and the narrow passage. Examples : /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/

12. 3-Affricates An affricate combines the plosive and the fricative. Examples :

13. 4-Nasals: These sounds are produced with a complete closure at some point in the mouth but the soft palate is lowered and hence the oral cavity is blocked and air escapes through nasal cavity. Examples : 5-Liquids: the air stream being allowed to escape from one or both sides of the tongue. Examples: [r],[l].

14. 6-Semivowels (glides , approximants): They are like vowels, the air-flow is free not stopped .Also, in forming words, semivowels in terms of there should be a vowel in the syllable exactly like consonants. So it must be in the following formula CVC. Examples: [w],[j].

15. Oral or nasal All consonants are produced by the oral cavity. They are produced by the nasal cavity .

16. let /let /stem /stIm/ spill /spIl / lit /lIt/ met /met/ hem /hIm/ string /strI?/ hymn /hIm/ went /wInt/ strength /strI?? / west /west /spell /spel / deaf /def / friend /frInd/ red /red/peg/ peg/ P.S: e=e

17. CONSONANT DESCRIPTION PRACTICE A-Describe the following consonants. [s] [d] [m]

18. B-Give the consonant that the following descriptions correspond to. voiced velar nasal voiced bilabial stop voiceless velar stop voiced alveolar fricative voiced palatal glide

19. Answers: A- [s] voiceless alveolar fricative [d] voiced alveolar stop voiceless interdental fricative [m] voiced bilabial nasal

20. B- voiced velar nasal voiced bilabial stop [b] voiceless velar stop [k] voiced alveolar fricative [z] voiced palatal glide [j]