WİND EROS I ON MEASUREMENT: Karapınar case study

1. WİND EROSION MEASUREMENT: Karapınar case study , Ali Uğur Özcan1, Oğuzhan Uzun2, Selen Saygın Deviren3, Feras Youssef3 , Mustafa Başaran2 , Günay Erpul3 1. Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Forest, Department of Landscape Architecture, Çankırı, Turkey 2. Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Kayseri, Turkey 3. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Ankara, Turkey

2. Wind Erosion • Wind erosion is one of the most important reasons of desertification in semi-arid regions • It is estimated that, nearly 500 million hectare areas have been degraded by wind erosion (UNEP and ISRIC, 1990; REICH et al., 2000 ). • The area influenced by wind erosion is 465.000 hectar in Turkiye (ACAR, 2010)

3. Wind erosion Soil dust: • atmospheric composition and climate change, • transport of herbicides on sediments, • soil texture, • nutrient content, • vegetation growth and productivity • animal and human health

4. The Main Reason? CHANGES IN LAND USES

5. Wetlands Forests Grasslands Agriculturalareas

6. How is wind erosion measured? • Management decisions should be taken depending on wind erosion magnitude and related paramaters for sensitive erosive areas Principally, erosion strength and the areas that affected by erosion should be determined by direct measurements in the field!!!!!

7. Direct measurement • The effective traps were improved for catching sediments: • Active traps • Passive traps • Wilson and Cook (WAC) • Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) • Basaran and Erpul Sediment Trap (BEST) • Piezo electric sensors • Saltiphone • Sensit

8. Direct measurementPassive Traps Basaran and Erpul Sediment Trap (BEST) It is a new design trap For <100 µm particles, its efficiency is 0.80 Its efficiency is 0.90 in field surveys It has a plastic body It is cheap and easy to set up

9. Study Area Climate properties; • Terrestrial • Average temperature is 10.1 oC • Average precipitation is 279.56 mm • Main wind direction is North (South and Southwest aspects are mostly cause erosion events in area) • Wind speeds can be higher than 25 ms-1 in area. Soil properties; • Top soil texture is loamy sand and clay contents gets increasedin sub layers • It has high calcium carbonate and potassium, • it has low organic matter and phosphorus • Location:Karapınar, Konya-TURKIYE

10. Plots In the research field, 7 plots which have different surface conditions were chosen

15. Direct measurementsKarapınar In this research, high efficiency BEST Traps were used

16. Direct measurementsKarapınar Best Traps were located on the winged pole with 5 different heights ( 20,40,60,80,100cm)

17. Direct measurementsKarapınar 20 wind erosion measurement set-up were located like a grid shape or random

18. Direct measurementsKarapınar Climate datas were recorded by meteorology station which located next to plot area

19. Data analysisKarapınar Wind erosion event occurred four times between March and April in field survey After each event, sediment that was cought by BEST traps was collected and weighed with sensitive balance.

20. Data analysisKarapınar Sediment flux (kg m-2 h-1 ) was modeled with exponential model for each event in each two plots (Eq1 and Eq2). İn two plots, for total 8 wind erosion events, 160 mathematical models were done: Eq. (1) Eq. (2) With saltiphone, each event duration was measured and ratio of sediment flux was calculated from each point of 1 m height On the plot basis, for each wind erosion event,sediment flux ratio was assessed with geostatistical methods.

21. Data analysisA. Plot • Event : • Averg Wind Velocity: 6.7 m/sn • Wind Direction: Northeast- Southwest • Event times: 3 hours • SAO: 0.102 kg m-1 h-1 2. Event : AvergWindVelocity: 7 m/sn WindDirection: East-West Eventtimes: 8 hours SAO:0.024 kg m-1 h-1 3. Event : Averg Wind Velocity: 6.9 m/sn Wind Direction: Southwest- Northeast Event times: 7 hours SAO: 0.077 kg m-1 h-1 4. Event : AvergWindVelocity: 6.3 m/sn WindDirection: kuzey-güney Eventtimes: 1 hour SAO:0.178 kg m-1 h-1

22. Data analysisB. Plot • Event : • Averg. wind velocity: 6.7 m/sn • Wind direction: Northeast- Southwest • Event times: 3 hours • SFR: 0.146 kg m-1 h-1 2. Event : Averg. wind velocity: 7 m/sn Wind direction: East-West Event times: 8 hours SFR:0.014 kg m-1 h-1 3. Event : Averg. wind velocity: 6.9 m/sn Wind direction: Southwest- Northeast Event times: 7 hours SFR: 0.077 kg m-1 h-1

23. AssessmentKarapınar • Wind erosion affected areas should be determined in Turkey. • Event based losses should be measured by direct measurements and scaling should be done for risk areas. • Climate, vegetation and soil properties relevant to wind erosion in wind erosion affected areas. • External factors that raised risk (tillage, grazing, irrigation, forest management, etc.) should be defined in specific areas. • Wind erosion should be monitored in Turkey and estimated models should be improved for the territorial or regional scale.

24. THANKS FOR ATTENTION

25. Acknowledgement Authors gratefully acknowledge the “The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey” (TUBITAK)for providing support within the frame of the project of TOVAG 110O296.