Alternatives….

1. Alternatives…. We have….. Carol Jones, PhD, PE, Oklahoma State UniversityStored Products Research and Education Center Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

2. We have…Alternatives • Reasons for alternative methods for controlling insects…maintaining grain quality • Insect resistance • Customer request (organics, social, marketing) • Environmental concerns • Safety • Governmental regs Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

3. We have…Alternatives • Methods… • Aeration • Ozone • Heat Treatment • Ethylene….”Apple Gas” Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

4. What does aeration do? Carol Jones, PhD. Stored Product Engineering Biosystems and Ag. Engr. Dept. • Little insect reproduction occurs below 60F • Eggs are controlled at 40F • 40F is tough to do in some areas • So fumigation is still required but can be reduced

5. We have…Alternatives • Little insect reproduction occurs below 60F • Eggs are controlled at 40F • 40F is tough to do in some areas • So fumigation is still required but can be reduced Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

6. You have…Alternatives Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

7. Electrical Generation of Ozone • Attractive alternative • Eliminates some of the concerns • No residues because degradation product is oxygen • No transportation of product • No storage issues

8. Objectives • Determine the effectiveness of ozone fumigation on six stored product pests in a grain mass of wheat under field conditions during the month of October, the traditional time during storage when grain is fumigated in Oklahoma

9. Experimental Protocol • Conducted in October 2007 • Steel grain bins contained 13.6 metric tons of hard red winter wheat • One bin treated; one bin control • Grain was poor quality because of extreme wet conditions at end of growing season

10. Ozone Generator • OZAT Model CFS-3A • Operated at 30 g/hr • Produced three targeted ozone concentrations of 25, 50, and 70 ppm within the bin

11. Ozone Introduced into Bin • Through a 6.4 mm tube from generator just upstream of fan into a 10.2 cm pipe connected to the aeration fan transition into the bottom of the bin • Axial fan moved 0.21 cubic meters/sec of air/ozone through grain mass • Ozone concentration decreased as it moved through the grain mass

12. Insect Sampling Tubes • Tubes of 10.2 cm diameter were inserted into bins at depths corresponding to targeted ozone levels • Ozone rose through the tubes to come in contact with bags containing insects • A recirculation system was used to recover ozone exiting the top of the grain mass and then injected back into the bottom of the bin through a closed loop system • Ozone concentrations monitored every 8 hrs

13. Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser Grain Borer Tribolium castaneum Red Flour Beetle Plodia interpunctella Indianmeal Moth Oryzaephilus surinamensis Sawtoothed Grain Beetle Sitophilus oryzae Rice Weevil Cryptolestes ferrugineus Rusty Grain Beetle Insects Evaluated

14. Insect Samples • 7.0 x 10.2 cm cotton muslin tea bags with drawstring • Bags placed in bins for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days exposure • Beetle adults and P. interpunctella larvae were assessed upon removal • All grain particles and dust placed in 226.8 g glass jars and held at 28°C • P. interpunctella eggs evaluated after 1 week and pupae after 2 weeks • Beetle progeny counted at 2 and 4 weeks

15. Percent Mortality for P. interpunctella (Indian Meal Moth) Eggs Larvae Pupae

16. Percent Mortality Mean No. Progeny Eggs R. dominica: LGB S. oryzae: rice weevil

17. Percent Mortality Mean No. Progeny R. dominica T. castaneum: Red flour beetle R. dominica T. castaneum Eggs C. ferrugineus: Rusty Grain Beetle C. ferrugineus S. oryzae S. oryzae

18. Percent Mortality Mean No. Progeny O. surinamensis: Sawtoothed grain beetle

19. We have…Alternatives • Eggs and larvae of Indianmeal Moth were only moderately controlled and pupae were the most sensitive to ozone treatments • Overall, adult beetle mortality increased with increasing time of exposure although 100% mortality was only realized for Rice Weevil and Red Flour Beetle • Total suppression of progeny production was only seen for Red Flour Beetle at the high ozone concentration • To obtain total control, either the ozone concentration should be increased or the time of exposure increased Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

20. Using Heat to Disinfest Concrete Silos Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

21. Using Heat to Kill Insects • Attractive alternative • Eliminates some of the concerns • No residues • No transportation of product; heat generated on-site • No storage issues of dangerous chemicals • Shorter down-time Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

29. Bin Selection for Heating Study Day 1 Heat Day 2 Control Day 3 Control Day 1 Control Day 2 Heat Day 3 Heat

30. Insects Evaluated Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser Grain Borer Tribolium castaneum Red Flour Beetle Psocids

34. Percent Survival of RFB Adults

35. Percent Survival of LGB Adults

36. Progeny Production of RFB

37. Progeny Production of LGB

38. Percent Adult Survival of L. decolor

39. Percent Adult Survival of L. corrodens

40. Propane Usage • Average of 76 gallons propane per 99’ silo • Cost per gallon was $3.00 on May 1, 2008 • Total cost per silo was $228.00 • Equivalent phosphine pellets to treat silo • 4,000 – 18,000 pellets per silo • $34.30 - $155.05 based on a cost of $300 per case of 21 flasks of pellets Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

41. We have…Alternatives • Ethylene “apple gas” • Background and idea • ANG in Afghanistan • Early testing • Killed insects • Predictions Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

42. We have…Alternatives • Manage through IPM • Identify your insects • Keep informed of new methods being tested and results Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010

43. We have…Alternatives Questions Carol Jones, PhD, PE, Oklahoma State UniversityStored Products Research and Education Center Missouri Fumigation TrainingJanuary 10 – 11, 2010