Aim: How can I improve my understanding of the Benchmark Exam?

1. Wednesday, March 30, 2016 Aim: How can I improve my understanding of the Benchmark Exam? Do Now: Homework: Abnormal Psychology FRQ due Thursday (Quest on this day on Abnormal-25 multiple choice) Extra credit assignment due by tomorrow Flashcards for the first page of the 425 words you ought to know due by Friday (can be on cut up paper or index cards)-word on the front/definition on the back

2. 1 When asked which of two countries has a larger population, participants are likely to judge the country that is more familiar to them as being more populous. Which of the following best explains this finding? • Means-end analysis (0%) • The representative heuristic (28%) • The availability heuristic (55%) • Algorithms (0%) • Inductive reasoning (17%)

3. 4 Which psychologist reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment? • Albert bandura (10%) • Jean piaget (38%) • Harry harlow (24%) • Erik erikson (24%) • Konrad lorenz(3%)

4. 5 Edward Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of a . reinforcement (69%) B. associations (10%) C. punishment (7%) D. effect (14%) E. outcomes (0%)

5. 8 3% did not answer) The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by • Exposing a client to anxiety-provoking stimuli (3%) • Replacing a response to a stimulus with an alternative response (34%) • Deep relaxation techniques (0%) • A token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors (55%) • Development of intrinsic motivation (3%)

6. 10 3% did not answer) Researchers find that there is a significant positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that • Earning good grades causes people to sleep more (0%0 • Sleep more causes students to perform better in school (17%) • Students who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do not (31%) • More sleep has a beneficial impact on student’s grades (48%) • Sleep deprivation has no impact on school performance (0%)

7. 14 3% did not answer) A psychologist describes the following steps to a client, while the client is practicing relaxation techniques, in order to treat the client’s psychological disorder: • You are entering a large building • You are pressing a button for an elevator • You are stepping into an elevator • You are watching the doors close after entering the elevator • You are traveling five floors on the elevator What type of treatment technique is described above? • Aversion therapy (28%) • Systematic desensitization (45%) • Extinction (3%) • Flooding (21%) • Punishment (0%)

8. 15 A psychologist describes the following steps to a client, while the client is practicing relaxation techniques, in order to treat the client’s psychological disorder: • You are entering a large building • You are pressing a button for an elevator • You are stepping into an elevator • You are watching the doors close after entering the elevator • You are traveling five floors on the elevator Which type of therapy is most closely associated with the technique used in this method? • Psychoanalytic (28%) • Behavioral (21%) • Biomedical (3%) • Cognitive (31%) • Client centered(17%)

9. 16 A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called • Case study (21%) • Meta-analysis (14%) • Statistical significance (10%) • Factor analysis (41%) • Z score (14%)

10. 17 3% did not answer) Ralph is aware that smoking is harmful to his health, but he continues to smoke. According to cognitive dissonance theory, it is most likely that Ralph will • Gather information on the dangers of smoking (0%) • Start smoking more frequently (10%) • Argue that his friends should stop smoking (17%) • Focus on the social advantages to smoking (52%) • Experience no tension (17%)

11. 18 Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an • Antagonist (21%) • Agonist (14%) • Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (41%) • Excitatory postsynaptic potential (10%) • Excitatory neurotransmitter (7%)

12. 20 7% did not answer) Which of the following is a type of medication that has been linked to the side effect of tardive dyskinesia? • Antidepressants (14%) • Benzodiazepines (28%) • Neuroleptics (41%) • Anxiolytics (10%) • tricyclics(0%)

13. 23 Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following • Learning (7%) • Motivation (10%) • Development (24%) • Sensation (7%) • Perception (48%)

14. 25 All summer Thomas hears the sound of the ice-cream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following? • Lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar (55%) • A greater difference threshold for hearing than Oscar (38%) • A deficit in a sensory system other than hearing (3%) • A greater amount of experience with approaching ice-cream trucks than Oscar (3%) • A tendency for confabulation (0%)

15. 26 A therapist who emphasizes helping clients to identify and change irrational beliefs that underlie feelings of anxiety is using which therapeutic technique? • Client centered therapy (14%) • Rational-emotive behavior therapy (34%) • Aversion therapy (7%) • Psychoanalytic therapy (28%) • Social-learning therapy (10%)

16. 27 21% did not answer Julio has fragmented thinking and distorted false beliefs. Which of the following psychological disorders is Julio most likely experiencing? • Simple phobia (0%) • Somatization disorder (28%) • Anti-social personality disorder (10%) • Obsessive compulsive disorder (0%) • Schizophrenia (41%)

17. 28 3% did not answer Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning • A biologically-based unconditioned stimulus must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus for learning to occur (24%) • Any novel or familiar stimulus could serve as a CS because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful (24%) • Because all animals share a common cellular history, the laws of classical conditioning apply to all species (7%) • Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival (34%) • Biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers (7%)

18. 29 Respondents to surveys and questionnaires often report that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than would be expected based on the results of other types of research. The finding can best be explained by which of the following? • Sampling (28%) • Experimenter bias (10%) • The social desirability bias (38%) • The bystander effect (17%) • The placebo effect (3%)

19. 30 10% did not answer Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely to choose which research method to study it? • Naturalistic observation (14%) • Correlational research (0%) • Survey research (3%) • Case study (55%) • Experimental research (17%)

20. 32 3% did not answer Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell of his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of • Iconic memory (21%) • Procedural memory (3%) • Semantic memory (3%) • Episodic memory (52%) • Short term memory (17%)

21. 33 Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. Which of the following theories does this finding challenge? • Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (3%) • Lev Vygotsky’s social cognition learning model (24%) • Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (41%) • Mary Ainsworth’s findings from the strange situation (17%) • Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (10%)

22. 34 7% did not answer In vision, transduction occurs within the • Optic nerve (14%) • Visual cortex (28%) • Retina (34%) • Lens (10%) • Cornea (3%)

23. 35 7% did not answer • Latent learning (41%) • Observational learning (38%) • Avoidance learning (0%) • Counterconditioning (10%) • Aversive conditioning (3%)

24. 36 3% did not answer • Become less aggressive (10%) • Become more aggressive (10%) • Eat more and gain weight (31%) • Stop eating and lose weight (28%) • Experience a loss of coordination and muscular control (17%)

25. 37 3% did not answer When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate the pain is • An opiate (38%) • An amphetamine (17%) • A depressant (21%) • A hallucinogen (7%) • A stimulant (14%)

26. 38 7% did not answer The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples? • When scolded by his parents, a college students reverts to childlike behavior to gain sympathy (7%) • A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes’ performances (48%) • A young man who is shy becomes the center of attention at a party given by friends (7%) • After exams were graded and returned, a college student looked at his low grade and decided that the test was unfair and difficult (7%) • After a fight with her boyfriend, a woman yells at her roommate for sitting in her favorite chair (24%)

27. 10% did not answer 40 • Fetal alcohol syndrome (24%) • Down syndrome(7%) • Autistic disorder (0%) • Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (7%) • Phenylketonuria (48%)

28. 41 7% did not answer Stanley Milgram’s classic research on obedience showed that approximately what percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock? • 10% (10%) • 25% (14%) • 40% (17%) • 60% (21%) • 85% (28%)

29. 42 3% did not answer After staring at a green, black, and orange “American flag” for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon? • Trichromatic theory (34%) • Opponent-process theory (24%) • Retinex theory (21%) • Color constancy(14%) • Convergence (3%)

30. 43 3% did not answer Certain cultures often place more emphasis on collective than on personal achievement. One result of this may be that people of these cultures are more likely to develop which type of self-system? • Interdependent (17%) • Interrelated (24%) • Independent (24%) • Integrated (28%) • Inner-directed (3%)

31. 44 A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is • Limited in capacity (55%) • Unlimited in capacity (17%) • Long-lasting (14%) • Not under conscious control(7%) • Resistant to decay (0%)

32. 46 7% did not respond Carol Gilligan, in her criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg, proposed that the moral reasoning of males is primarily based on • Male repression of females, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on economics (7%) • Rational abstract principles, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on relationships and the social context (21%) • Legalistic ideals, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on more humanistic ideals (34%) • Observational learning, whereas the moral reasoning of females is genetically determined for the most part (10%) • Physical strength, whereas males start developing morally later than females but surpass them soon afterward (21%)

33. 47 3% did not respond Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short term memory? • Attention (3%) • Cognition (14%) • Differentiation (21%) • Perception (45%) • Sensation (14%)

34. 48 7% did not respond When the word “walk” is changed to “walked” the suffix “ed” is an example of a • Morpheme (48%) • Phoneme (17%) • Lexicon (14%) • Syntax (10%) • Language acquisition device (3%)

35. 49 10% did not respond The just-world hypothesis would best explain which fo the following phenomena? • Blaming the victim (0%) • Cognitive dissonance (21%) • The need for power (21%) • Bystander apathy (31%) • Groupthink (10%)

36. 50 3% did not respond Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception? • Linear perspective (31%) • Texture gradient (21%) • Interposition (31%) • Retinal disparity (14%) • Motion parallax (0%)

37. 52 7% did not respond • Collectivistic (14%) • Individualistic (7%) • Psychoanalytic (3%) • Evolutionary (24%) • Humanistic (41%)

38. 53 3% did not respond If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would most likely forget words that • Appeared early in the list (3%) • Appeared near the end of the list (3%) • Appeared in the middle of the list (62%) • Were very unlike the rest of the words (28%) • Were randomly dispersed throughout the list (0%)

39. 54 3% did not respond Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized? • Humanistic (55%) • Behavioral (24%) • Gestalt (7%) • Cognitive (0%) • Psychodynamic (10%)

40. 56 • Shaping (17%) • Generalization (14%) • Negative reinforcement (7%) • A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement (52%) • Spontaneous recovery (10%)

41. 58 Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of • Homeostasis (0%) • Attribution theory (10%) • Catharsis (0%) • Extrinsic motivation (62%) • Arousal theory (28%)

42. 59 The term group polarization refers to the tendency for • Two opposing factions to emerge within a group (41%) • The prevailing opinion within a group to become more extreme after discussion (29%) • A single leader to eventually dominate most groups (17%) • One or more group members to eventually have their opinions disregarded (14%) • Democratic leadership to decrease as the length of meetings increases (0%)

43. 60 Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals’ personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot? • Thematic apperception test (3%) • Rorschach test (62%) • Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (34%) • Halstead-reitan battery (0%) • bender-Gestalt II (0%)

44. 61 14% did not answer Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson disease and schizophrenia? • Acetylcholine (3%) • Dopamine (17%) • Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) (14%) • Norepinephrine (21%) • Serotonin (31%)

45. 62 10% did not answer According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the • Frontal lobes (14%) • Ego (0%) • Superego (7%) • Id (48%) • Latent stage (21%)

46. 63 10% did not answer Charles Spearman’s concept of g is most accurately defined as • A specific type of performance that is affected by intelligence (17%) • One of seven fundamental abilities that determine behavior (10%) • A single-underlying intellectual capacity measured by intelligence tests (38%) • The ability to create novel situations to complex situations (17%) • The storehouse of knowledge and facts that we accumulate during our adult years (10%)

47. 7% did not answer 64 Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design? • Testing the first graders, and testing them again when they are in third grade(38%) • Testing first graders at the end of the school year (3%) • Testing first, third and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year (10%) • Observing first graders as they test in two different subject areas (24%) • Observing first graders as they interact with either third graders or fifth graders (7%)

48. 65 7% did not answer Which type of therapy uses free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of transference? • Cognitive-behavioral (7%) • Humanistic (7%) • Behavioral (7%) • Psychodynamic (48%) • Client-centered (24%)

49. 66 3% did not answer Which of the following psychometric properties is used to assess the extent to which the items on an intelligence test measure a person’s intelligence? • Internal consistency (3%) • Split-half reliability (7%) • Standardization (31%) • Construct validity (41%) • Predictive validity (14%)

50. 67 10% did not answer Marc performs poorly on a psychology exam and explains his failure by saying “That test was so hard no one could pass it.” This explanation illustrates • Reciprocal determinism (14%) • Self-serving bias (41%) • The fundamental attribution error (24%) • The representative heuristic (3%) • The just-world hypothesis (7%)