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Chapter 14—The Mongols

Chapter 14—The Mongols. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis (Genghis) Khan to Timur. Periodization. 1206—Mongol state founded 1215—Mongols attack N. China (win it in 1234) 1219-1223—Russia/Islamic world invaded 1235-1279---S. China taken

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Chapter 14—The Mongols

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  1. Chapter 14—The Mongols The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis (Genghis) Khan to Timur

  2. Periodization • 1206—Mongol state founded • 1215—Mongols attack N. China (win it in 1234) • 1219-1223—Russia/Islamic world invaded • 1235-1279---S. China taken • 1240—Russia taken (Mongols attack W. Europe) • 1253—Mongols destroy Seljuk Turks • 1260—Mongols lose to Mamluks in Egypt • 1274-1280—Invasion of Japan fails

  3. Important People/Dates of Rule • Chinggis (Genghis) Khan (r. 1206-1227) • Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1294) • Timur-i Lang (r. 1360s-1405)

  4. Introduction • Mongols challenge our notions of “barbarians” and “civilized” societies • Capable of savage violence, their rule also crates a new level of cross-cultural exchange • Pax Mongolia—Era of Mongol Peace leads to revitalized trade, commerce and urban life along Silk Road

  5. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • Mongols resemble other nomadic groups we have studied • Tribe and clan make-up • Strong tribal leadership=bravery & diplomacy

  6. The Early Career of Chinggis Khan • Born Temujin, he became leader after his father’s assassination • Conquers foes, which leads to alliances and the election at akuriltaiof Temujin to the role ofkhagan.

  7. Natural warriors trained from youth Lifestyle stressed mobility, bravery, skill, and love of combat Basis of fighting structure was the tumen Used cavalry in combination with scouts, a messenger force and mapmaking unit Experimented with new weapons Building the Mongol War Machine

  8. Conquest: Mongol Empire Under Chinggis Khan • From NW China to North China (Jin) to W Asia (Kara Khitai) and on to Middle East. • Adapted to obstacles (cities) • Resistance = Retribution

  9. Conquest: Mongol Empire Under Chinggis Khan

  10. Karakorum= Mongol capital Mongols proved to be astute & tolerant rulers Administration built on Muslim and Chinese bureaucrats Creates an era of peace (Pax Mongolia) which stimulates trade, cultural exchange and artistic creativity. Chinggis dies trying to conquer all of China—land divided amongst sons (son Ogedai named khan) Life Under the Mongol Imperium & Chinggis Khan’s Death

  11. The Mongol Drive to the West Splits into four khanates (see map pg 311) Golden Horde Empire—Russia Ilkhan Empire—Persia Djagatai (Chaghatai) Empire– Central Asia Empire of Kublai Khan (Yuan Dynasty)—China & parts of South/SE Asia

  12. Mongols carry out only successful winter invasion in Russian history (“no eye remained to weep for the dead”) Kiev destroyed & all Russian princes become vassals of Batu Peasants suffer; cities gain Orthodox Church remains powerful & wealthy; enables princes of Moscow to defeat Golden Horde in 1380 Russia in Bondage

  13. QUESTION SLIDE • In what ways does the rule of the Golden Horde mark a turning point in Russian history?

  14. Retreat from Europe • Christians hopeful that the Mongols would strike down the Muslims (legend of Prester John) • Europe was spared a full assault

  15. Ilkhan Khanate (led by Hulegu) ends Abbasid dynasty in 1258 and destroys Baghdad Mamluks of Egypt defeat the Mongols in 1260 Mongol Assault on Islamic Heartland

  16. The Mongols in China (Yuan Dynasty) • Led by Kublai Khan • Passed laws to separate Chinese & Mongols • Kublai Khan fascinated by Chinese culture • New social hierarchy—Mongols, Asian nomads & Muslim allies, ethnic Chinese and other minority peoples

  17. Gender Roles Mongol women refused to adopt Chinese ways Mongol women had more freedom (ex—Chabi) Foreign Influence Yuan court attracted many scholars and artists Kublai Khan welcomed thinkers, artist, travelers and emissaries Gender Roles/Foreign Influence

  18. Social Policies/Scholar-Gentry • Laws kept Mongols separate; ethnic Chinese never accepted Mongol rule • Under Mongol rule: • Artisans/merchants gain power; scholar-gentry loses it • Substantial navy develops • Commerce booms, as does urbanization • Popular entertainment grows (upsets conservative Confucianists) • Peasants benefit from land-reform, granary systems, lower taxes and elementary education

  19. The Fall of the House of Yuan • Warning signs—failed invasion of Japan, rebellion of Song loyalists, defeats in Vietnam & Java, death of Kublai Khan • Muslim/Chinese bureaucratic corruption grows Plotting grows (White Lotus Society) 1368—Yuan Dynasty will give way to the Mingdynasty under Ju Yuanzhang—(right)

  20. The Brief Ride of Timur-i Lang • A complex figure—a ruthless conqueror who spared the lives of artisans and learned men to further his own kingdom

  21. Mongols symbolize the return of nomadic invasions in the post classical period Destruction is countered by their contributions to new techniques/weapons of war Facilitate trade and cross cultural contact to a level that hadn't been seen before Many convinced their expansion shaped Eurasian history by unintentionally spreading the Black Plague Global Connections

  22. Bt the end of this chapter, you should be able to: • Analyze the impact that the Mongols had on Europe and Asia • Compare and contrast different Mongol leaders • Compare and contrast the effects of Mongol rule in the four different khanates

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