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Arabic Morphology and Syntax within the Frameworks of LMF and LFG

Arabic Morphology and Syntax within the Frameworks of LMF and LFG. Arabic Morphosyntactic system Lexical Markup Framework LFG. Arabic Language Semitic language Right-to-left writing Case-marked Rich flectional and derivational systems (concatenative language) …. Arabic Phonetic System.

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Arabic Morphology and Syntax within the Frameworks of LMF and LFG

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  1. Arabic Morphology and Syntax within the Frameworks of LMF and LFG

  2. Arabic Morphosyntactic system • Lexical Markup Framework • LFG

  3. Arabic Language • Semitic language • Right-to-left writing • Case-marked • Rich flectional and derivational systems (concatenative language) • …

  4. Arabic Phonetic System • Consonants (Ex: ﺏ: b, ﺖ: t, ﻒ: f) • Long Vowels (Ex: ﻭ: w, ﻱ: y) • Short vowels (Ex: ُ–: u, ِ–: i) => Diacritics (Buckwalter’s Arabic Transliteration System)

  5. Arabic Morphology Words generation is based on roots and patterns. • Root • Ex: k-t-b, (‘write’) • Pattern • faEala (main pattern = ‘do’) => kataba • fAEil (‘doer’/agent) => kAtib: writer • mafEwl (‘undergoer’/patient, theme) =>maktwb: written • MafEal (‘location’) => maktab: desk

  6. Morphosyntactic Categories • Pronouns • Verbs • Nouns and adjectives • Prepositions • ‘Adverbs’ (Preposition bi+Noun) • Particles

  7. Pronouns • Personal pronouns • Isolated (‘anA: I, hum: they) • Affix-pronouns (-hu: him/it, -hunna: them.FEM) • Demonstrative pronouns (h*A: this.MASC, tilka: that.FEM) • Relative Pronouns (al~a*y: who/which.MASC, al~atAni: who/which.FEM.DUAL)

  8. Pronoun Categorisation

  9. Verbs • Aspect/Tense • Mood • Voice

  10. Verb Description

  11. Jussive (almajzwm) lam yaktub. Didn’t he write. He didn’t write. • Energetic la’aktuban~a. *I (do) will write. (No English counterpart)

  12. Verbs • Aspect • Mood • Voice • Agreement (+Person, +Gender, +Number) • Affix Pronoun • Particles (Ex: Prepositions, ‘Future’ )

  13. Morphosyntactic Inflections for Verbs

  14. Example of Morphosyntactic Inflections for Verbs sa- ‘uEty- kumA (ﺳﺄﻋﻂﯾﻜﻤﺎ) ‘will I give you…’

  15. Nouns and Adjectives • Gender • Masculine • Feminine • Number • Singular • Dual • Plural (=> Agreement between Noun and Adjective) • Grammatical case (NOM, ACC, GEN) • Affix-Pronouns (Clitics) and Definiteness

  16. Nouns and Adjectives

  17. Example of Inflections for Nouns • KitAb: ‘book’ • KitAb-un: N_SG_M_DEF-_NOM a book • al-kitAba: N_SG_M_DEF+_ACC The book (OBJ) • kitAb-ay-kumA: N_DUAL_M_DEF+_GEN/ACC_AFFPR:-kumA Your ‘two’ books (OBJ) • bi-kitAb-ay-kumA: N_DUAL_M_DEF+_GEN_AFFPR:-kumA_AFFPREP:-bi By your ‘two’ books.

  18. Prepositions • Independent (Ex: min: from, ‘ilA: to..) • Affixation: +AffixPronoun Ex: min-hu: ‘from him’ • Affixed (Ex: bi: with, li: for…) • +Verb/+Noun/+Adjective EX: li-yaktuba: ‘to write’

  19. Lexical Markup Framework • XML-based • Lexical Entry Description • Inventory • Constraints • Data Category Register (DCR)

  20. DCR Sample

  21. Lexical Markup Framework • ‘Morphalou’ (Salmon-Alt 2004) • ‘MafEalw’ (Akrout 2005)

  22. Sample From ‘MafEalw’

  23. LFG for Arabic • Objectives: induce Treebank-based LFG resources for Arabic. • Arabic characteristic features: • Morphosyntactic system. • Inflectional system (patterns, clitics, …) • Clause types (nominal, verbal) • Diacritics

  24. SUBJ TYPE ‘CLITIC’ PRED ‘tm’ PERS 2 GENDER MASC NUM PL ASPECT PERFECT MOOD INDICATIVE VOICE ACTIVE PRED ‘‘aEtY<(SUBJ)(OBJ)(OBJ)>’ OBJ TYPE CLITIC PRED ‘ny’ PERS 1 GENDER MASC/FEM NUM SG OBJ TYPE ‘CLITIC PRED ‘hA’ PERS 3 GENDER FEM NUM SG SUBJ TYPE ‘CLITIC’ PERS 2 GENDER MASC NUM PL ASPECT PERFECT MOOD INDICATIVE VOICE ACTIVE PRED ‘‘aEtY<(SUBJ)(OBJ)(OBJ)>’ CLITIC ‘‘tm’ CLITIC ‘ny’ CLITIC ‘hA’ OBJ OBJ ‘aEty- tmw- ny- hA.Gave you.PL.MASC me it.SG.FEMYou gave it (to) me.

  25. References • Akrout, A (2005), Pre-doctoral dissertation : ‘Modélisation d’un lexique flexionnel de l’Arabe Classique’, University of Metz, France. • Blachère, R. & Gaudefroy-Démombynes, M. (1975). Grammaire de l'arabe classique. 3rd edition, G.P. MAISONNEUVE & LAROSE (Ed), Paris, France. • Cavalli-Sforza, V., Soudi, A. & Mitamura, T. (2000). Arabic Morphology Generation Using a Concatenative Strategy, in The Proceedings of NAACL-2000. on line: http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/A/A00/A00-2012.pdf • Fillmore, Ch. (1968). The case for case. In: Bach, E., Harms, R. T., Eds., Universals in Linguistic Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York: 1-88. • Fleisch, H. (1961). Traité de Philologie Arabe, vol I, préliminaires, Phonétique, Morphologie Nominale, Tome XVI. 247-267. • George, M. & Francopoulo, G. (2004). Lexical Markup Framework (LMF). Working Draft (ISO-24613). On line : http://www.tagmatica.fr/doc.htm • Versteegh, K. (1997). The Arabic Language. Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain, University Press, Cambridge. 74-92.

  26. Any questions?

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