1 / 115

Spirometry and Related Tests

Spirometry and Related Tests. RET 2414 Pulmonary Function Testing Module 2.0. SPIROMETRY AND RELATED TESTS. Learning Objectives Determine whether spirometry is acceptable and reproducible Identify airway obstruction using forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

imogene-montana
Download Presentation

Spirometry and Related Tests

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Spirometry and Related Tests RET 2414 Pulmonary Function Testing Module 2.0

  2. SPIROMETRY AND RELATED TESTS • Learning Objectives • Determine whether spirometry is acceptable and reproducible • Identify airway obstruction using forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume (FEV1) • Differentiate between obstruction and restriction as causes of reduced vital capacity

  3. SPIROMETRY AND RELATED TESTS • Learning Objectives • Distinguish between large and small airway obstruction by evaluating flow-volume curves • Determine whether there is a significant response to bronchodilators • Select the appropriate FVC and FEV1 for reporting from series of spirometry maneuvers

  4. Predicted Values • Laboratory Normal Ranges • Laboratory tests performed on a large number of normal population will show a range of results

  5. Predicted Values • Laboratory Normal Ranges

  6. Predicted Values • Laboratory Normal Ranges • Most clinical laboratories consider two standard deviations from the mean as the normal range since it includes 95% of the normal population.

  7. PFT Reports • When performing PFT’s three values are reported: • Actual – what the patient performed • Predicted – what the patient should have performed based on Age, Height, Sex, Weight, and Ethnicity • % Predicted – a comparison of the actual value to the predicted value

  8. PFT Reports • Example ActualPredicted%Predicted VC 4.0 5.0 80%

  9. SPIROMETRY • Vital Capacity The vital capacity (VC) is the volume of gas measured from a slow, complete expiration after a maximal inspiration, without a forced effort.

  10. SPIROMETRY • Vital Capacity

  11. SPIROMETRY • Vital Capacity • Valid VC measurements important • IC and ERV used to calculate RV and TLC • Example: • RV = FRC - ERV • TLC = IC + FRC

  12. SPIROMETRY • VC: Criteria for Acceptability • End-expiratory volume varies by less than 100 ml for three preceding breaths • Volume plateau observed at maximal inspiration and expiration

  13. SPIROMETRY • VC: Criteria for Acceptability • Three acceptable VC maneuvers should be obtained; volume within 150 ml. • VC should be within 150 ml of FVC value

  14. SPIROMETRY • VC: Selection Criteria The largest value from at least 3 acceptable maneuvers should be reported

  15. SPIROMETRY • VC: Significance/Pathophysiology • Decreased VC • Loss of distensible lung tissue • Lung CA • Pulmonary edema • Pneumonia • Pulmonary vascular congestion • Surgical removal of lung tissue • Tissue loss • Space-occupying lesions • Changes in lung tissue

  16. SPIROMETRY • VC: Significance/Pathophysiology • Decreased VC • Obstructive lung disease • Respiratory depression or neuromuscular disease • Pleural effusion • Pneumothorax • Hiatal hernia • Enlarged heart

  17. SPIROMETRY • VC: Significance/Pathophysiology • Decreased VC • Limited movement of diaphragm • Pregnancy • Abdominal fluids • Tumors • Limitation of chest wall movement • Scleraderma • Kyphoscoliosis • Pain

  18. SPIROMETRY • VC: Significance/Pathophysiology • If the VC is less than 80% of predicted: FVC can reveal if caused by obstruction

  19. SPIROMETRY • VC: Significance/Pathophysiology • If the VC is less than 80% of predicted: Lung volume testing can reveal if caused by restriction

  20. SPIROMETRY • Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) The maximum volume of gas that can be expired when the patient exhales as forcefully and rapidly as possible after maximal inspiration (sitting or standing)

  21. SPIROMETRY • FVC(should be within 150 ml of VC)

  22. SPIROMETRY • FVC: Criteria for Acceptability • Maximal effort; no cough or glottic closure during the first second; no leaks or obstruction of the mouthpiece. • Good start-of-test; back extrapolated volume <5% of FVC or 150 ml, whichever is greater

  23. SPIROMETRY • FVC: Criteria for Acceptability • Tracing shows 6 seconds of exhalation or an obvious plateau (<0.025L for ≥1s); no early termination or cutoff; or subject cannot or should not continue to exhale

  24. SPIROMETRY • FVC: Criteria for Acceptability • Three acceptable spirograms obtained; two largest FVC values within 150 ml; two largest FEV1 values within 150 ml

  25. SPIROMETRY • FVC: Selection Criteria The largest FVC and largest FEV1 (BTPS) should be reported, even if they do not come from the same curve

  26. SPIROMETRY • FVC: When to call it quits !!! If reproducible values cannot be obtained after eight attempts, testing may be discontinued

  27. SPIROMETRY • FVC: Significance and Pathophysiology • FVC equals VC in healthy individuals • FVC is often lower in patients with obstructive disease

  28. SPIROMETRY • FVC: Significance and Pathophysiology • FVC can be reduced by: • Mucus plugging • Bronchiolar narrowing • Chronic or acute asthma • Bronchiectasis • Cystic fibrosis • Trachea or mainstem bronchi obstruction

  29. SPIROMETRY • FVC: Significance and Pathophysiology • Healthy adults can exhale their FVC within 4 – 6 seconds • Patients with severe obstruction (e.g., emphysema) may require 20 seconds, however, exhalation times >15 seconds will rarely change clinical decisions

  30. SPIROMETRY • FVC: Significance and Pathophysiology • FVC is also decreased in restrictive lung disease • Pulmonary fibrosis • dusts/toxins/drugs/radiation • Congestion of pulmonary blood flow • pneumonia/pulmonary hypertension/PE • Space occupying lesions • tumors/pleural effusion

  31. SPIROMETRY • FVC: Significance and Pathophysiology • FVC is also decreased in restrictive lung disease • Neuromuscular disorders, e.g, • myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre • Chest deformities, e.g, • scoliosis/kyphoscoliosis • Obesity or pregnancy

  32. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) The volume expired over the first second of an FVC maneuver

  33. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) • May be reduced in obstructive or restrictive patterns, or poor patient effort

  34. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) • In obstructive disease, FEV1 may be decreased because of: • Airway narrowing during forced expiration • emphysema • Mucus secretions • Bronchospasm • Inflammation (asthma/bronchitis) • Large airway obstruction • tumors/foreign bodies

  35. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) • The ability to work or function in daily life is related to the FEV1 and FVC • Patients with markedly reduced FEV1 values are more likely to die from COPD or lung cancer

  36. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) • FEV1 may be reduced in restrictive lung processes • Fibrosis • Edema • Space-occupying lesions • Neuromuscular diseases • Obesity • Chest wall deformity

  37. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) • FEV1 is the most widely used spirometric parameter, particularly for assessment of airway obstruction

  38. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) • FEV1 is used in conjunction with FVC for: • Simple screening • Response to bronchodilator therapy • Response to bronchoprovocation • Detection of exercise-induced bronchospasm

  39. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume Ratio (FEVT%) • FEVT% = FEVT/FVC x 100 • Useful in distinguishing between obstructive and restrictive causes of reduced FEV1 values

  40. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume Ratio (FEVT%) • Normal FEVT% Ratios for Health Adults • FEV 0.5% = 50%-60% • FEV 1% = 75%-85% • FEV 2% = 90%-95% • FEV 3% = 95%-98% • FEV 6% = 98%-100% • Patients with obstructive disease have reduced FEVT% for each interval

  41. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume Ratio (FEVT%) • A decrease FEV1/FVC ratio is the “hallmark” of obstructive disease • FEV1/FVC <75%

  42. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Volume Ratio (FEVT%) • Patients with restrictive disease often have normal or increased FEVT% values • FEV1 and FVC are usually reduced in equal proportions • The presence of a restrictive disorder may by suggested by a reduced FVC and a normal or increased FEV1/FVC ration

  43. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Flow 25% - 75% (maximum mid-expiratory flow) • FEF 25%-75% is measured from a segment of the FVC that includes flow from medium and small airways • Normal values: 4 – 5 L/sec

  44. SPIROMETRY • Forced Expiratory Flow 25% - 75% In the presence of a borderline value for FEV1/FVC, a low FEF 25%-75% may help confirm airway obstruction

  45. SPIROMETRY • Flow – Volume Curve • AKA: Flow–Volume Loop (FVL) The maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve shows flow as the patient exhales from maximal inspiration (TLC) to maximal expiration (RV) • FVC followed by FIVC

  46. SPIROMETRY • FVL • X axis: Volume • Y axis: Flow • PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow) • PIF (Peak Inspiratory Flow) . • Vmax 75 or FEF 25% FVC Remaining or Percentage FVC exhaled . • Vmax 50 or FEF 50% . • Vmax 25 or FEF 75% FEF 25% or Vmax 75 FEF 75% or Vmax 25%

  47. SPIROMETRY • FVL • FEVT and FEF% can be read from the timing marks (ticks) on the FVL

  48. SPIROMETRY • FVL • Significant decreases in flow or volume are easily detected from a single graphic display

  49. SPIROMETRY • FVL: Severe Obstruction

  50. SPIROMETRY • FVL: Bronchodilation

More Related