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Financial Crises, Financial Frictions, and Lost Decades

Financial Crises, Financial Frictions, and Lost Decades. The Great Depression, 1929 – 1939 Emerging Market Crises 1980s Third World Debt Crisis 1994-5 Tequila Crisis 1997-8 East Asia Financial Crisis The Great Recession, 2007 – . Financial Friction

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Financial Crises, Financial Frictions, and Lost Decades

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  1. Financial Crises, Financial Frictions, and Lost Decades • The Great Depression, 1929 – 1939 • Emerging Market Crises • 1980s Third World Debt Crisis • 1994-5 Tequila Crisis • 1997-8 East Asia Financial Crisis • The Great Recession, 2007 –

  2. Financial Friction Combating adverse selection and moral hazard Screening/Monitoring : : Cost of Credit Intermediation Reduced frictions via: Collateral Net Worth (=$Assets - $Liabilities) Net Worth – – The Foundation of Credit

  3. Stylized First World Financial Crises • Stage One • Mismanagement of financial liberalization and innovations • Asset price boom & bust • Spikes in interest rates • Increase in uncertainty Stage two: Banking Crisis Stage three: Debt Deflation

  4. Stylized Emerging Market Financial Crises Debt Deflation

  5. Factors Causing Financial Crises Asset Values Drop: Net Worth Down Stock market decline  Decreases net worth of corporations. Unanticipated deflation  Debt burdens up/net worth down Unanticipated depreciation  $debts up/net worth down Asset write-downs (bad debts)  Net worth down Deterioration in Financial Institutions’ Balance Sheets Capital Ratios Down  Decline in lending. Interest Rates Rise Worsens adverse selection (who would pay the high rates?) Increases business needs for external funds  worsens adverse selection and moral hazard problems. Government Fiscal Imbalances Fear default of government debt Capital flight…Currency crisis Banking Crises Loss of information production / disintermediation. Increases in UncertaintyDecline in lending.

  6. Crises (and Threatened Crises) We Have Known • The L o n g Depression, 1873 – 1896 • The Great Depression, 1929 – 1939 • Mexican Default, 1982 • Continental Illinois, 1984…Oil patch loans…TBTF • Third World Debt Crisis, 1980s  Lost Decade • Savings & Loan Debacle, 1986 – 1990 • Black Monday, October 19, 1987 • Tequila Crisis, 1994 – 1995 • East Asia Financial Crisis, 1997 - 1998 • Long Term Capital Management, 1998 • dot.com bust, 2000 • 911, 2001 • Subprime-triggered crisis – Run on shadow banks •  The Great Recession, 2007 –

  7. The Great Depression: Mother of all Crises Stock Market Crash  Spending cutback Friedman & Schwartz: Great Contraction Bank Panic  Monetary Contraction Bank Failures  Reduced Lending Bernanke: Credit Channel Declining Net Worth  Reduced Lending Price Deflation/Deflationary Expectations  Debt Deflation

  8. Onset of the Depression: Persistent Deflation…Persistent Job Loss Manufacturing Employment $/pound DJIA

  9. Villain Gold • Dysfunctional interwar gold-exchange standard Deficit/surplus country asymmetry World Msdown US and France sterilized gold inflows Deficit countries forced to contract Ms Lack of central bank cooperation Britain weak/US clueless/France irresponsible • Dysfunctional gold standard mindset Liquidationist mantra...deflation welcomed/oppose militant labor Defend gold reserves...even if you’ve left gold standard Real bills doctrine...if economy tanks, who needs money? Balanced budget fetish...cut spending when revenue falls

  10. $/pound Producer Price Index

  11. New Deal Reflation: Regime Change • Secure the financial system • Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)—Hoover effort • Glass-Steagall: separation of commercial banking and investment banking • Federal deposit insurance • Security and Exchange Commission • Dollar devaluation • Break golden fetters  Monetary expansion • Great expectations...reverse expectations of deflation  Low and negative real interest rates  Spur to spending • Cartelization—National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) • Recover by limiting supply? Kill the pigs??? • Great expectations...reverse expectations of deflation • Public spending • Hoover Dam • Works Public Administration (WPA) • Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)

  12. Retrenchment: The Gold Standard Mindset  Recession in Depression

  13. Dynamics of Financial Crises in Emerging Market Economies Stage one: Initiation of Financial Crisis. Path one: mismanagement of financial liberalization Weak supervision and lack of expertise  lending boom. Domestic banks borrow from foreign banks. Fixed exchange rates give a sense of lower risk. Securities markets not well-developed  Banks important Path two: severe fiscal imbalances: Governments force banks to buy government debt. When government debt loses value, bank net worth down . Additional factors: Increase in interest rates (from abroad) Asset price decrease Uncertainty linked to unstable political systems Ms

  14. Dynamics of Financial Crises in Emerging Market Economies Stage two: currency crisis Bank losses  currency crises: Government cannot raise interest rates (doing so forces banks into insolvency)… … and speculators expect a devaluation. Foreign and domestic investors sell the domestic currency. Stage three: Full-Fledged Financial Crisis: The debt burden in terms of domestic currency up Banks more likely to fail: Individuals are less able to pay off their debts (value of assets fall). Debt denominated in foreign currency increases (value of liabilities increase).

  15. Financial Crises: Mexico 1994-1995 ...Tequila Financial liberalization in the early 1990s: Lending boom/weak supervision/lack of expertise. Banks accumulated losses/net worth declined. Rise in interest rates abroad. Increased uncertainty (political instability). Domestic currency devaluated Dec. 20, 1994. Tesobono burden Rise in actual and expected inflation.

  16. Financial Crises: East Asia 1997-1998 Financial liberalization in the early 1990s: Lending boom/weak supervision/lack of expertise. Banks accumulated losses/net worth declined. Uncertainty increased stock market declines and failure of prominent firms Domestic currencies devaluated (1997). Rise in actual and expected inflation. Contagion: Thailand...Indonesia...Korea...Philippines...Malaysia ...Singapore...Taiwan...Brazil...Russia ....Long Term Capital Management

  17. Financial Crises: Argentina 2001-2002 Currency board: 1 Peso = $1 Fiscal imbalance banks coerced to absorb government debt Appreciation of $ & peso  Argentine recession Rise in interest rates abroad. Uncertainty increased (ongoing recession). Domestic currency devaluated, Jan. 6, 2002 Rise in actual and expected inflation.

  18. The Subprime Triggered Financial Crisis

  19. Prelude to Financial Crisis of 2007 – 2009 Simon Johnson, The Quiet Coup. The Atlantic, May 2009

  20. Financial Crisis of 2007 - 2009 Financial innovations in mortgage markets: Subprime/Alt-A mortgages/Interest Only/NINJA Mortgage-backed securities/Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs, CDO2) Housing price bubble forms World savings glut Increase in liquidity from cash flows surging to the US Subprime mortgage market  housing demand and prices up. Agency problems arise “Originate to distribute” … “Moving, not storage”  principal (investor) agent (mortgage broker) problem. Commercial and investment banks/rating agencies …weak incentives to assess quality of securities Information problems surface…A “Minsky Moment” Housing price bubble bursts/Crisis spreads globally

  21. Housing Prices and the Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 Source: Case-Shiller U.S. National Composite House Price Index; www.macromarkets.com/csi_housing/index.asp.

  22. Stock Prices and the Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 Source: Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). Global Financial Data; www.globalfinancialdata.com/index_tabs.php?action=detailedinfo&id=1165.

  23. The Shadow Banking System: A Fragile Financial Infrastructure Thus a long-term corporate bond could actually be sold to three different persons. One would supply the money for the bond; one would bear the interest rate risk, and one would bear the (credit) risk of default. The last two would not have to put up any capital for the bond, though they might have to post some collateral. Fisher Black Fundamentals of Liquidity, 1970

  24. The Shadow Banking System: A Fragile Financial Infrastructure Banks have public backing…and are heavily regulated Lender of last resort, the Fed Bank creditors (depositors) are insured, FDIC Shadow Banks: Lack Public Backing  Substitutes Liquidity put Underlying asset values fall Short-term funders back off Sponsor steps in per prior agreement…line of credit Credit put Buy Credit Default Swaps from private insurers Private insurers can’t possibly reserve against systemic risk

  25. The Shadow Banking System: A Fragile Financial Infrastructure Denizens of the shadows Federal loan programs/GSEs Investment banks/Pension funds Finance companies Monoline insurers/Mortgage insurers Structured investment vehicles (SIVs) Conduits (SPVs – liquidity support by bank sponsor) Achieve regulatory arbitrage—get assets off balance sheet credit arbitrage conduit (conduit holds credit assets) securities arbitrage conduit (conduit holds securities) TRS/repo conduit (finances financial institutions using total return swaps and/or repos) Credit hedge funds Money market intermediaries

  26. Financial Crisis of 2007 - 2009 (cont’d) Banks’ balance sheets deteriorate Write downs Sale of assets and credit restriction High-profile firms fail Bear Stearns (March 2008) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (July 2008) Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, AIG, Reserve Primary Fund (MMMF) and Washington Mutual (September 2008). Fed pumps up bank reserves: TARP/TALF,etc. Lend and lend freely Bailout package enacted House votes down the $700 billion bailout package (9/29/08)  Stock market slumps  Bailout passes on October 3. Congress approves a $787 billion economic stimulus plan on February 13, 2009. Recession deepens

  27. Responses: No Bank Left BehindLender of Last Resort / Spender of Last Resort • Tax Rebate $124 bil. • Fed Fund Rate Cuts • Fannie/Freddie $200 bil. • Bear-Stearns $29 bil. • AIG $174 bil. Fed “Facilities” • Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF) $58 bil. • Treasury Security Loan Facility (TSLF) $133 bil. • Term Auction Facility (TAF) $416 bil. • Asset- Backed Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) $1,777 bil. • Money Market Investor Funding Facility (MMIFF) $540 bil. • More Fed Fund Rate Cuts … Hold At ~0% • Fed Purchases of Long-Term Securities: GSEs & MBSs $600 bil. • Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) $200 bil. • Emergency Economic Stabilization Act/TARP $700 bil. Government Loans Government Equity • Stimulus Package $787 bil. aka The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act • TARP II • Stress Tests

  28. Treasury Bill–to–Eurodollar Rate (TED) Spread Source: www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm

  29. Credit Spreads and the 2007–2009 Financial Crisis Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED database; http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/categories/22.

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