Chapter 7

1. Chapter 7 Political Participation and Voting: Expressing the Popular Will

2. We are concerned in public affairs, but immersed in our private ones. Walter Lippmann

3. Essential component of the ideal of self-government • Elections are a means by which… • People control the government • Government controls the people • Elections are the only form of participation that involves a majority of citizens (in most countries) Voter Participation

4. Suffrage- right to vote, has expanded over time • White property owning males • 15th Amendment (1870)- ended race as a barrier • 19th Amendment (1920)- ended sex as a barrier • 24th Amendment (1964)- no poll-tax • 26th Amendment (1971)- ended age as a barrier • Disenfranchisement- literacy tests, citizen tests, whites-only primary elections • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • “Motor Voter Law” 1993 • Linked voter registration to vehicle registration • Made it easier to register to vote Voter Participation

5. Factors in Voter Turnout: The United States in Comparative Perspective • Registration Requirements • Places a burden on the individual • Voter ID Laws- disenfranchisement? • Voter ID cards serve to depress voter turnout • Georgia photo ID/voter identification card law • Federal judge struck down monetary requirement • Supreme Court upheld Indiana voter ID card requirement Voter Participation

6. Pro: • Voting fraud is widespread and detrimental • All citizens will be assisted in getting IDs • Con: • Poor, elderly, and minorities will be disenfranchised • Little documentation of voter fraud Should Voters be Required to Carry a Government-Issued Photo ID?

7. Factors in Voter Turnout: The United States in Comparative Perspective • Frequency of Elections • Elections at many levels of government frequent and staggered • State and local hold elections in off-years to insulate their races from possible effects of presidential campaigns • Primary Elections • Reduces voter turnout • Increases amount of personal effort needed to participate • Americans asked to vote two or three times as often as Europeans • Party Differences • No sharp differences between major parties • Overlapping policies Voter Participation

8. Why Some Americans Vote and Others Do Not • Civic Attitudes • Civic Duty • regular voters have a strong sense of civic duty • Apathy • People just don’t care enough to vote • Alienation • People feel powerless • Age • Younger people vote the least • Older people vote the most • Education • More education = more likely to participate • Income • Political participation is dominated by the middle-class • Hispanic and African Americans have had a relatively low turnout for POTUS elections Voter Participation

9. Voter turnout for men and women are somewhat similar • Education level and income are bigger factors in participation Voter Turnout and Levelof Income, 2008 Voter Turnout in PresidentialElections, 1960-2008

10. The Impact of the Vote • Elections do not normally produce a “mandate” • Prospective Voting • Based on knowledge of candidates’ positions • Retrospective Voting • Based on past performance • Economic conditions usually play a factor, with some consideration of foreign policy issues Voter Participation

11. Presidential elections draw the most voters • Presidential debates • Nixon-Kennedy- 60% of households w/ TV • Audiences have declined significantly since 1960 • Americans get most of their news from TV • Passive participation • People who follow the news are generally more informed about politics than those who do not • “the Fox anomaly” • Older people follow the news more closely than younger people Voter Participation

12. America’s Major News Sources

13. Campaign Activities • Lobbying Group Activities • Following Politics in the Media • Virtual Participation • Political campaigns and citizen mobilization • Democratizing effects but also political polarization • Community Activities • Decline in social capital? • The sum of face-to-face interactions among citizens in a society Conventional Forms of Participation Other Than Voting

14. Online Campaign Activities

15. Campaign Activity

16. Social movements- a broad effort to achieve change • A way for those who are dissatisfied with gov. to get its attention • More dramatic than conventional means • Politically weak can force gov. to be more responsive • Protests go back to the Boston Tea Party. • Protests are often calculated acts usually involving younger citizens rather than older ones • Political protests more planned today than in the past • Protest movements seldom gain broad public support. • Political protests less common today, and low public support for protesters • But protests are often tolerated. Unconventional Activism: Social Movements and Protest Politics

17. Protest Activity

18. Most citizens take little interest in participation, except for voting • Class bias: public versus private • Political = public (i.e. voting) • Economic = private (i.e. health insurance) • Low participation rates of lower-income people • Participation rates parallel private influence • Americans are less likely to vote than Europeans but more likely to donate money or time to promote community causes and work in political campaigns Participation and the Potential for Influence

19. States in the Nation