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Today: How do genes work? Discussions begin/began this week.

Today: How do genes work? Discussions begin/began this week. Fig 15.3. Information flow in cells. Protein. Fig 4.6, .7. Chains of DNA can store information:. Each chain of DNA is made of individual units = nucleotides. Fig 3.8. Proteins are the “doers” of the cell. They act as:

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Today: How do genes work? Discussions begin/began this week.

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  1. Today: How do genes work? Discussions begin/began this week.

  2. Fig 15.3 Information flow in cells Protein

  3. Fig 4.6, .7 Chains of DNA can store information: Each chain of DNA is made of individual units = nucleotides

  4. Fig 3.8 • Proteins are the “doers” of the cell. • They act as: • Enzymes • Structural Support • Transporters • Signals Proteins are a string of amino acids

  5. Tbl 3.3 Amino acids connect together to make proteins.

  6. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  7. In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion nucleotides of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. ~98% does not directly code for amino acids In a single human cell only about 3-5% of genes are expressed at a time. DNA Composition:

  8. In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. ~1.5% directly codes for amino acids ~25% is genes In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time. DNA Composition:

  9. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  10. Five Perspectives about Genes: Genes act as units of heredity Genes are seen as a cause of disease Genes code for proteins Genes act as switches, controlling development Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

  11. Fig 14.2 Visualizing the perspectives about genes Different strains of bacteria are injected into mice.

  12. Visualizing the perspectives about genes Fig 14.2

  13. Fig 14.2 Visualizing the perspectives about genes

  14. Fig 14.2 Visualizing the perspectives about genes What has happened to the bacteria?

  15. What part of the cell contains/transfers the information? Fig 14.3

  16. Fig 14.2 Visualizing the perspectives about genes Genes act as units of heredity Genes are seen as a cause of disease Genes code for proteins Genes act as switches, controlling development Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

  17. Fig 14.7 In cells, DNA is a double-stranded helix

  18. Five Definitions of Genes: • Genes act as units of heredity • Genes are seen as a cause of disease • Genes code for proteins • Genes act as switches, controlling development • Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

  19. 20 amino acids in proteins 4 nucleotides in DNA ?

  20. Fig 15.6 How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 4

  21. Fig 15.6 How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 4 2:1 42 16

  22. Fig 15.6 How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 4 2:1 42 16 3:1 43 64

  23. Fig 15.6 • How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? • If • Ratio • (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations • 1:1 41 4 • 2:1 42 16 • 3:1 43 64 • There are more possible combinations than amino acids.

  24. Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

  25. Fig 15.8 the Genetic Code

  26. Fig 16.21 Changes in DNA can change the protein

  27. Fig 16.21 Changes in DNA can change the protein

  28. The fat cat ate the rat. change one letter The zat cat ate the rat.

  29. The fat cat ate the rat. change one letter The zat cat ate the rat. delete one letter The atc ata tet her at.

  30. Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

  31. Fig 16.10 How is DNA used to make proteins and RNA? Both proteins and RNA are involved in the processes. Protein

  32. Differences between DNA and RNA Fig 4.1

  33. Fig 16.10 How is DNA used to make proteins and RNA? Both proteins and RNA are involved in the processes. Protein

  34. Fig 16.10 Genes act as switches. The information in genes is what to make andwhen to make it. Protein

  35. Genes have three basic parts a gene promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  36. Fig 16.10 Genes contain the information to make RNA and/or proteins. Genes act as switches. The information in genes is what to make andwhen to make it. Protein

  37. Fig 11.1 For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on. 1. Genes act as units of heredity 5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

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