Seed Producing Vascular Plants

1. Seed Producing Vascular Plants By: Emma, Sophia, and Hilary

2. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae

3. Seedless Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seed Producing Vascular Plants

4. Ex. Trunk Vascular Bundles Vascular Plants

5. -living tissue -transports organic nutrients (ex. sugars) • method: translocation • leaves ↔roots Phloem -dead tissue -transports water & nutrients - method: cohesion & adhesion • roots → leaves Xylem

6. Vascular Transportation Phloem Xylem Translocation • pressure-flow model • osmosis through semi-permeable membrane (H2O) • suction from water pulls nutrients to areas of lower concentration Transpiration • cohesion-tension model • dipoles of H2O molecules attract (cohesion) • water molecules stick to xylem walls (adhesion)

7. Main Structure • stem for transport (contains vascular bundle) • leaves for photosynthesis • contains reproductive structures of mature plant • leaves • shoot system • stem • -roots anchor plant • -beneath soil • -absorbs materials necessary for life • root system • roots

8. a durable reproductive cell able to create a new organism without fusing with another cell • the haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis • the diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis Life Cycle • diploid cell from fusion of gametes • sporophyte • male and female gametes • mitosis • meiosis • zygote • diploid phase (2n) •  • fertilization • egg & • sperm • haploid phase (n) • mitosis • spores • mitosis • gametophyte

9. -called “alternation of generations” • both amulticellular diploid form (sporophyte) and a multicellular haploid form (gametophyte) make gametes (n, either spores or egg & sperm) • sporophyte and gametophyte take turns producing each other

10. Habitat • grow almost everywhere on Earth, but may be influenced by: • human activity • environmental conditions • available resources • they do exist in aquatic ecosystems, but are dominated by algae

11. Two Types (Seed Producing) 1. Gymnosperms 2. Angiosperms “Naked seeds” “flowering plant”

12. 1. Gymnosperms • exposed seeds • Examples: • coniferous trees • ginkgophyte • cycadophytes

13. gymnosperms usually have both male and female reproductive parts • Female: • closed cone has immature seeds • open cone has ripened seeds • Male: • closed cone has not produced pollen yet • open cone has pollen ready to be transported

14. Reproduction • cones contain reproductive organs (male & female) • soft • short-lived • gametophyte: sperm nuclei • Male • hard • long lasting • gametophyte: eggs • Female

15. sperm nucleus • pollen • fertilization • egg

16. 2. Angiosperms • enclosed seeds • Examples: • non- coniferous trees • fruit • flowers

17. Reproductive Structure • pistil (carpel) • -female reproductive organ • stamen • -male reproductive organ • petals • -to attract pollinators • sepals • -protect bud • Flower: collection of structures for reproduction

18. stigma • - sticky lip of carpel for catching pollen • style • - supports stigma • ovules • - sacs with female gametes • stamen • pollen • -contains male gametes • anther • -produces & stores pollen • ovary • - swollen base of carpel with ovules • filament stalk • - supports anther • pistin (carpel)

19. fertilization

20. Reproduction • Fruit: a mature ovary containing seeds it disperses and protects

21. Another method of classification uses the cotyledon (seed leaf) • cotyledon: a part of the embryo within a plant seed; becomes first leaves after germination

22. Questions The main difference between vascular and non-vascular plants is a) The mechanisms of photosynthesis b) Vascular plants contain a xylem and phloem c) Vascular plants can only survive below the arctic tree line d) Non-vascular plants live almost three times as long as vascular plants e) Non-vascular plants are usually much more attractive (brightly coloured and elegant)

23. Questions Seeds are an effective method of reproduction because: I. They provide protection against environmental conditions II. They have microfeet that allow them to travel distances to fertilize other plants III. They reproduce sexually without water IV. They carry many gametes V. They can survive long periods of time a) All of the above b) I, III, V c) I, V d) I, IV, V e) I, II, IV

24. Questions Which is not an example of how fruit is dispersed for reproduction? a) Burs stick to clothing and fur b) Coconuts float in water c) The wind carries the gametes d) Animals consume fruit and excrete waste e) Ants collect food

25. Questions Cones are an example of: a) An angiosperm structure that contains only male part b) An angiosperm that contains only female parts c) An angiosperm that contains male and female parts d) A gymnosperm structure that contains only female part e) A gymnosperm structure that contains male and female parts

26. Questions What is a cotyledon? Compare and contrast the features of monocots and dicots. Give examples of each. • cotyledon: a part of the embryo within a plant seed which becomes the first leaves after sprouting • monocots and dicots are both angiosperms • monocots have only one cotyledon, parallel veins in leaves, scattered vascular bundles in stem, flowers in multiples of three • dicots have two cotyledon, net-like veins in leaves, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, flower parts in multiples of four or five

27. References Alternation of generations. (2014). Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Encylodpaedia Britannica website: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/17660/alternation-of-generations Angiosperms and gymnosperms. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/godwin/strauss_s/sscwebpage/tutorials/plant%20tutorial.pdf Asexual reproduction. (2010, December 15). Retrieved April 17, 2014, from Biology Online website: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Asexual_reproduction Chen, V., & Maissoneuve, F. (2014). Vegetative plant propagation. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Science Learning website: http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Innovation/Innovation-Stories/Zealong-Tea/Articles/Vegetative-plant-propagation The haploid-diploid life cycle. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2014, from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss6/altergen.html Homolka, K. (Ed.). (2011, April). The Love Life of Urticadioica. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Bio Web website: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/homolka_kail/reproduction.htm Lambers, H. (2012, May 16). Plant reproductive system. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from Encylopaedia Britannica website: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498651/plant-reproductive-system#toc76161 Life cycles of vascular plants. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Web Readings website: http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/summer/WebReadings/PdfReadings/LIFE_CYCLES.pdf Nonvascular plants defined. (2013). Retrieved April 17, 2014, from Cliffs Notes website: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/biology/biology/plants-diversity-and-reproduction/nonvascular-plants-defined Seed-bearing plants. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/~meicenrd/BOT155/Gymnosperms.pdf Steeves, T.A. (2013, December 16). Seed Plants. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from Historica Canada website: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seed-plants/ Vascular plant. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Vascular_plant.html