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Unit 10

Unit 10. Surgery, Diabetes, Immunology, Lesions, and Prefixes of Numbers and Direction. Type 1 Diabetes. Individual produces very little or no endogenous insulin to carry glucose into cells Results in hyperglycemia Must take ectogenous (exogenous) insulin. Symptoms of Diabetes.

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Unit 10

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  1. Unit 10 Surgery, Diabetes, Immunology, Lesions, and Prefixes of Numbers and Direction

  2. Type 1 Diabetes • Individual produces very little or no endogenous insulin to carry glucose into cells • Results in hyperglycemia • Must take ectogenous (exogenous) insulin

  3. Symptoms of Diabetes • Classic symptoms include excessive: • Urination • poly/ur/ia • Thirst • poly/dips/ia • Hunger • poly/phag/ia

  4. Terms with lapar/o • lapar/o = combining form for abdominal wall • Examples: • lapar/ectomy = excision of part of abdominal wall • lapar/o/scopy = process of examining abdominal wall • lapar/o/scope = instrument for examining abdominal wall

  5. Laparoscopic Procedures • lapar/o/scop/ically assisted vaginal hyster/ectomy = removal of uterus through vagina looking through laparoscope • lapar/o/scop/ic chole/cyst/ectomy = removal of gallbladder with assistance of laparoscope

  6. Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy

  7. Terms with lapar/o • lapar/o/tomy = incision into abdominal wall • lapar/o/rrhaghy = suturing of abdominal wall

  8. Terms with pry/o • pyr/o = combining form with words to mean heat, fever, or fire • Examples: • pyr/o/phobia = abnormal fear of fire • pyr/o/maniac = one who has excessive preoccupation for starting or seeing fires • pyr/osis = condition of heartburn • pry/o/toxin = poison produced by high body temperature

  9. Fever • hyper/pyrexia = condition of high fever • More than 102° Fahrenheit • pyr/o/lysis = destruction by fever • pry/o/meter = instrument for measuring heat • Thermometer

  10. Sweat • hidr/o = combining form for sweat • Examples: • hidr/osis = condition of sweating • hyper/hidr/osis = profuse sweating • hidr/o/rrhea = flow of sweat • an/hidr/osis = absence of sweat • hidr/aden/itis = inflammation of sweat glands

  11. Sugar • glyc/o and gluc/o = sugar • Examples: • glyc/o/genesis and gluc/o/genesis = formation of sugar • glyc/o/protein and gluc/o/protein = substance made of sugar and protein • glyc/o/suria and gluc/o/suria = sugar in urine • glyc/o/hem/o/globin = sugar and hemoglobin

  12. Sugar • Examples: • glyc/o/gen = starch formed from simple sugars and stored as reserve fuel • glyc/o/gen/esis = formation of glycogen from carbohydrates • Body converts glycogen to glucose • Cells use to release energy • glyc/o/lysis = breakdown to glycogen to glucose

  13. Sugar • Examples: • glyc/o/rrhea = discharge of sugar from body • glyc/emia = sugar in blood • hyper/glyc/emia = high level of sugar in blood • Symptom of diabetes • hypo/glyc/emia = low blood sugar • Can occur if person produces too much insulin

  14. Sugar • gluc/o = combining form for glucose • Examples: • gluc/o/gen/esis = formation of glucose from glycogen stores • gluc/ose = used by muscles to release energy

  15. Diabetes Mellitus • Type 1 • Characteristics: • Exogenous insulin-dependent • Onset in youth • Tendency to ketoacidosis • Viral etiology • Autoimmune basis • Genetic predisposition

  16. Diabetes Mellitus • Type 2 • Characteristics: • Noninsulin-dependent • Onset in adults over age 40 • Some endogenous insulin production • Obesity or normal weight • Can be treated with diet and oral hypoglycemic agents

  17. Diabetes Mellitus • Gestational • Characteristics: • Occurs in individuals not previously diabetic • Develop hyperglycemia during pregnancy • May progress to diabetes mellitus or return to normal glucose levels postpartum

  18. Immunology • immun/ity = one of body’s defenses against disease • immun/o = combining form • Example: • immun/o/logy = study of function of immune system

  19. Immunology • Three types of immunity: • Natural • Part of one’s physiology • Natural passive • Passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or to infant through breastfeeding • Artificial • Scientifically designed • E.g., vaccinations

  20. Immunology • Artificial immunity • Passive • immun/o/globulin injections = given to boost immune response • Active • Vaccines containing specific antigens stimulate lymphatic system to produce matching antibodies

  21. Immunology • immun/o/therapy • immun/izations = injections that stimulate immune response • Also known as vaccin/a/tions • 11 recommend before age 7 for general population

  22. Immunology • Immune response • Production of antibodies by lymphocytes to disable antigens • Antigen • Foreign substance that invades body

  23. Immunology • immun/o/deficiency = pertains to deficient immune system that is unable to fight off disease • HIV causes AIDS

  24. Terms with aut/o • aut/o = combining form for self • Examples: • aut/o/nomic = self-controlling • aut/o/dia/gnos/is = diagnosing one’s own diseases • aut/o/phobia = abnormal fear of being alone • aut/o/lysis = self-destruction

  25. Terms with aut/o • aut/o/immun/ity = condition when body produces antibodies to its own tissue • Autoimmune disorders: • Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus

  26. Terms with aut/o • aut/o/logous and aut/o/genous = adjectives meaning originating in itself or coming from one’s own body • aut/o/logousbloodtransfusion = transfusion with one’s own blood drawn before having surgery

  27. Terms with aut/o • aut/o/hem/o/therapy = therapy with one’s own blood • aut/o/graft = skin graft using one’s own healthy skin • aut/o/plasty = surgery using grafts from one’s own body

  28. Numeric Prefixes

  29. Numeric Prefixes

  30. Numeric Prefixes

  31. Prefix: mono- • mono- = one or single • Examples: • mono/cyte = one cell • Type of leukocyte • mono/cyt/osis = condition of increase in monocytes • mono/nucle/osis = viral infection that can damage liver • Indicated by abnormally high monocyte count

  32. Prefix: mono- • Examples: • mono/nucle/arcell = has one nucleus • mono/graph = written study of single subject • mono/mania = preoccupation with one subject only • mono/ma = one tumor • mono/my/o/plegia = paralysis of one muscle • mono/neur/al = pertaining to one nerve

  33. Prefix: multi- • multi- = many or more than one • Adjectives meaning something has many: • multi/capsular = capsules • multi/glandular = glands • multi/nuclear = nuclei

  34. Terms with para • para = live birth • Used in words to indicate number of times woman has given birth • multi/parous = adjectival form

  35. Terms with para • Examples: • multi/para = more than one child • Multiple births • E.g., twins • nulli/para = no live births • primi/para = first live birth

  36. Example of Multiparous Birth

  37. Terms with para • para = whole word, suffix, and prefix • To indicate number of times woman has given birth, write para and number • E.g., para II or para 2 • E.g., para IV or para 4

  38. Gravida • Pregnant • Origin • Latin • gravida = heavy or weighted down • primi/gravida = first pregnancy

  39. Gravida • Medical notations: • E.g., four pregnancies, two live births, and two spontaneous abortions = grav 4, ab 2, and para 2 or G4, AB2, and P2

  40. Prefixes: deca- and deci- • deca- = used in words to mean ten • Example: • deca/liter = ten liters • deci- = used in words to mean one tenth • Example: • deci/liter = one tenth of a liter

  41. Prefixes: kilo- and milli- • kilo- = used in words to mean one thousand • Examples: • kilo/meter = one thousand meters • kilo/gram = one thousand grams

  42. Prefixes: kilo- and milli- • milli- = used in words to mean one thousandth • Examples: • milli/meter = one thousandth of a meter • milli/gram = one thousandth of a gram

  43. Prefix: hecto- • hecto- = used in words to mean one hundred • Examples: • hecto/meter = one hundred meters • hecto/gram = one hundred grams

  44. Prefix: centi- • centi- = used in words to mean one hundredth • Examples: • centi/meter = one hundredth of a meter • centi/gram = one hundredth of a gram

  45. Cubic Centimeter (cc) • Volume measurement frequently used when giving injections • Amount equals space occupied by one centimeter cubed • Medications sometimes expressed in fractions of a cc

  46. Prefixes of Direction

  47. Prefix: ab- • ab- = away from • Examples: • ab/duction = away from midline • ab/normal = away from normal • ab/errant = wandering away from normal course • ab/or/al = away from mouth • ab/irritant = something that takes away irritation

  48. Abduction and Adduction

  49. Prefix: ab- • ab/lact/ation = taking baby away from breastfeeding or cessation of milk secretion • ab/ort/ion = termination of pregnancy • Spontaneous abortion • Naturally occurring termination of pregnancy • Also known as miscarriage

  50. Prefix: ab- • ab/rade = scrape skin away • ab/rasion = injury involving scraping away of skin • Other types of wounds: • Laceration • Cut • Contusion • Bruise

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