Arthrology2

1. Department of Anatomy Luzhou Medical College Arthrology2 Made by professor Xiao

2. The joints of the bones of trunk • The 24pierces of vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx articulate one by one to form a longitudinal axis of the trunk—vertebral column, around which the other parts of the body are arranged. Cranially, it supports the skull and laterally it gives attachment to the ribs, through which it receives the weight of the trunk and upper limbsand caudally it is united with the hip bones by which the weight of the trunk, head, and upper limbs is transmitted to the lower limbs. The spinal cord, the spinal nerve roots, and their coverings, are located whthin a canal, the vertebral canal, in this long column of bones.

3. Spinal column 1. Anterior view 2. Lateral view 3. Posterior view

4. 1. The joints of the vertebral body The intervertebral disc It is a symphysis between bodies It is sandwiched between the plates of hyaline cartilage that cover the superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies.

5. Clinical notes The nucleus pulposus may be forced backwards into the vertebral canal. This So called slipped disc remains separated from the spinal cord and spinal nerves by the meninges but may still press upon the nerve roots with resulting pain, the distribution of which depends upon the nerve roots involved

6. ②. Anterior longitudinal lig. ③.Posterior longitudinal lig.

7. 2. The joints of the vertebral arches The vertebral arches are connected by the synovial joints between the articular Processes, and by accessory ligaments that connect the laminae and all processes. upper lower ① Zygapophysial joint

8. ②.ligaments associated with the vertebral arches Ligaments flava Interposed between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and contribute to part of the posterior boundary of the vertebral canal

9. Supraspinal ligaments Interspinal ligament

14. Thoracic cage • Formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae,12pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages, the sternum and the connections between them. • Shape • conical, being narrow above abd broad below, flatted, in dimater from anterior to posterior. With anterior,posterior and lateral surfaces and the two openings. • Superior aperture: inlet, bounded by • Inferior aperture: outlet, bounded by • Infrasternal angle • Intercostal spaces

16. The moverment of the thorax The moverment s of the thorax are primarily concerned with increasing asnd decreaing the rhoracic volume. To increase the volume during inspiration, the ribs swinging outward and upward. The contrary movement decreases the volume during expiration.

18. The articulations of the upper limbs

19. The joints of the girdle of upper limb • 1. Sternoclavicular joint It is the only joint between the upper limb and the trunk. It is formed by the articulation of the sternal end of the clavicle with the clavicular notch of the manubrium sterni. The joints cavity is divided by an articular disc into two entirly separate compartments. The movement This joint allows the shoulder to be moved up and down, forward and backward, or in a combination of these moments

20. 2. Acoromioclavicular joint 3. The coracoclavicular ligament 4. The coracoacrominal ligament

21. The joints of the free upper limb The shoulder joint It is a polyaxial joint of the typical ball-and-socket variety, linkingthe head of the humerus to the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Head: roughly hemispheric articular surface Fossa: glnoid cavity with the fibrocatilage, glenoid labrum attached to its margins

22. The articular capsule and the ligaments of the shoulder joints

23. The skeletal muscles around the shoulder joint. Muscular tendinous cuff strengthens the capsule. Cuff: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major and subscapularis

24. Internal structures of the shoulder joint

25. The charecteristics of the shoulder joint • 1. The structures for movement freely • ①head greater and fossa superficial, the head surface of humerus is approximately four times larger than the glenoid cavity. • ②belong to the polyaxial synovial joint • ③anterior articular capsule is thin (dislocation) • 2. The structures for stability of the shoulder joint • ①ligaments strengthen • ②scuff • ③glenoid labrum • ④long head of biceps brachii tendon

26. The movements of the shoulder joint It is the most movable joint of the body. It may be abducted and adducted, flexed and extended, and laterally and medially rotated. A succession of these movements produces circumduction. Arthritis and ankylosis关节炎与关节僵直

27. The elbow joint Composition of the elbow joint Three bones Three joints ①humeroulnar ②humeroradial ③proximal radioulnar Movements flexion and extension

33. Connections between radius and ulna proximal radioulnar J. Distal radioulnar J. Interossoeous M. P.J. between head of radius and the radial notch of ulna. T.J Between the head of ulna and the lower end of the radius I.M. Between two interosseous borders Movement Around a vertical axis

34. pronation supination

36. The wrist joint or radiocarpal joint The joints of the hand It includes the wrist joint, the joints of the carpus(intercarpal, carpometacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints, joint of the digits(metacarpaophalangeal and interphalangeal joints It is a biaxial synovial joint The proximal articular surface concave and is shallow and consists of the distal articular surface of the radius and the triangular articular disc. The distal articular surface The proximal articular surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones

38. The wrist joint

39. The Intercarpal joints

40. The Carpometacarpal joints

41. The Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb It is a separate saddle-shaped typeof synovial joint. Formation Movements Opposition of the thumb

42. The intermetacarpal joints

44. The metacarpaophalangeal and the interphalangeal joints