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Representation

Representation. Labels. Imagined communities: people imagine themselves as part of a category/community The importance of classifying people into a collectivity as tool for activism and organization.

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Representation

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  1. Representation

  2. Labels • Imagined communities: people imagine themselves as part of a category/community • The importance of classifying people into a collectivity as tool for activism and organization. • “Let’s just stop with all these labels. If we could just get away from labels! It’s the labels that are the problem.” When I hear this, I often wonder how any of the progress that’s been made to expand notions of gender identity beyond the binary into non-heteronormative and queer forms of identity could have been made without labels. How could we fight for gay marriage without the word “gay”? (Lyla Cicero)

  3. Reification • A drawback of labeling • To mistake or treat an abstraction (something intangible) as a concrete reality

  4. Sex v Gender v Orientation

  5. Sex v Gender v Orientation • Sex: Biological status (male, female, intersex) • Gender: Culturally-constructed attitudes, feelings, and behaviors about masculinity/femininity. Gender (roles) is produced through repeated invocation/repudiation • Sexual orientation: Sex of those whom one is sexually attracted. Sexual orientation occurs on a continuum. • LGBTQIAPK • Power is embedded in sexuality (constituted in inequality)

  6. Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture? • How does Ortner’s article relate to issues of representation and doxa? • “Nature” and “culture” are conceptual categories • The paper tries to expose underlying logic of gender order; makes the inferiority of women (like races) seem self-evident. • The secondary status of woman in society is a pan-cultural fact, a universal

  7. Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture? • So how are females correlated to nature and males to culture? • Female is enslaved to the species in a way man is not (75) • The female body confines her to certain social contexts seen as closer to nature. As a part of culture, which denigrates women, women are complicit in their devalue. • Females’ psyche is characterized by personalism and particularlism (unmediated) whereas males’ psyches are abstract and objective (mediated) • What are the implications of this correlation? • Equalizing pay for men and women will not rewrite the cultural language/imagery which continues the devalued view of women.

  8. Dude You’re a Fag • Codes and signals • “A national culture is a discourse—a way of constructing meanings which influences and organizes both our actions and our conception of ourselves. National cultures construct identities by producing meanings about “the nation” with which we can identify; these are contained in the stories which are told about it, memories which connect its present with its past, and images which are constructed of it.” (Hall) • Signs synecdochically stand for or represent our concepts, ideals and feelings in such a way as to enable others to “read,” decode or interpret their meaning. (Hall)

  9. Dude You’re a Fag • How are the students coding culturally identifiable characters? • What do we know about masculinity? • Is there just one single masculinity? • In what ways are the masculinities racialized? • How does this ethnography relate to Ortnerand Hubbard? • What’s wrong with defining masculinity as “what men do” • How does she define sexuality?

  10. Dude You’re a Fag • Hegemonic masculinity • Gender practice that supports gender inequality Not many are hegemonically masculine but all men benefit in different contexts from this definition of masculinity. • Complicit masculinity • Benefits from hegemonic m without enacting it • Subordinated masculinity • Men who are oppressed by hegemonic m, primarily gay men • Marginalized masculinity • Men positioned powerfully in terms of gender but not class/race

  11. In the Heat of the Moment • Dan Ariely: • http://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/HeatMoment.pdf

  12. Doxa & Hegemony • Doxa & hegemony refer to the seemingly natural aspect of socially constructed practices and values • Doxa refers to the “self-evident,” axiomatic appearance of the natural and social world “when there is a quasi-perfect correspondence between the objective order and the subjective principles of organization” (164). • Doxa naturalizes its own arbitrariness as the natural order. • Its systems of classification reproduce the power relations that produce the systems of classification.

  13. Hegemony • Doxa is supported by hegemony: “spontaneous consent given by the great masses of the population to the general direction imposed on social life by the dominant fundamental group” (Gramsci 1971:12 in Lewellen 2003:182). • Hegemonic masculinity: gender practice that supports gender inequality. Not many are hegemonically masculine but all men benefit in different contexts from this definition of masculinity. (Pascoe)

  14. Media Representation • http://medialiteracyproject.org/sites/default/files/resources/Intro_to_Media_Literacy.pdf

  15. Key Questions • Who created this message? • What is this message’s objective? • How is the message framed? Consider imagery and language. • How might different people understand this message? What are potential consequences of this difference? • What values, lifestyles, and perspectives are represented or omitted from this message?

  16. Ortner + Lippi-Green = a sad story for females

  17. What do these Ads Represent? • Camry: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/16/the-one-show-top-10-auto-_n_2486930.html • BMW: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJizIhZrYgA • Bacardi: http://introtomedia.edublogs.org/files/2011/08/bacardi1-1mfqp3s.jpg • Axe: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EKLR894oMs • Electrolux: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDBMHz1Dthw

  18. Representing New Audiences • Cheerios: Mixed-race family http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYofm5d5Xdw • Levis: Boy gets Girl…or Boy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SG4RZY0s25E&list=PL980135C24C985BB2&index=52http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTP1K3Vu3r8&list=PL980135C24C985BB2&index=59

  19. Signature Scripted TV Shows • 1950s: I Love Lucy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4kIwWHP8Vc • 1960s: Beverly Hillbillies/Bonanza • 1970s: All in the Family/MASH • 1980s: The Cosby Show http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AygKCT4Vavg • 1990s: Seinfeld • 2000s: …

  20. Miss Representation • https://vimeo.com/channels/6677/37703485

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