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Chapter 39- respiration

Chapter 39- respiration. Liana R. Juarez. Key concepts. Principles of gas exchange Gas exchange in invertebrates Gas exchange in vertebrates Respiratory problems Gas exchange in extreme environment. The nature of respiration.

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Chapter 39- respiration

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  1. Chapter 39- respiration Liana R. Juarez

  2. Key concepts • Principles of gas exchange • Gas exchange in invertebrates • Gas exchange in vertebrates • Respiratory problems • Gas exchange in extreme environment

  3. The nature of respiration • All animals must supply their cells with oxygen and rid their carbon dioxide. • Movement of body parts in animals require energy, usually supplied by ATP. • Respiration: The physiological process by which an animal exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with its environment. • Depends on pressure/concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide, in the internal and external environments. • Respiratory surface: Moist layer thin enough for gases to diffuse across. • Allows gases to enter and leave the internal environment. • Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating gas levels.

  4. The nature of respiration • 3 Factors that affect diffusion rate: • Surface-to-volume ratio: • The greater the area of a respiratory surface, the more molecules can cross it. • Volume increases faster than surface area in growing organisms. • Ventilation: • Moving air or water past a respiratory surface keeps the pressure gradient across the surface hign. • This increases the rate of gas exchange. • Example: Inhaling and exhaling • Respiratory proteins: • R. Proteins contain one or more metal ions that reversibly bind to oxygen atoms.

  5. The nature of respiration • Respiratory proteins (Cont’d) • Oxygen atoms bind to these proteins when the partial pressure of oxygen is high, and are released when O2 levels are low. • Example: • Hemoglobin • Hemerythrin • Hemocyanin • Myoglobin Aid oxygen transportation

  6. Invertebrate respiration • Invertebrates that lack respiratory organs exchange gases across the body wall. • Integumentary exchange: diffusion of gases across their outer body surface, or integument. • This process also supplements the actions of gills. • Gills: filamentous respiratory organs that increase the surface area available for gas exchange in many aquatic animals. • Blood vessels in gill filaments pick up oxygen and distribute it throughout the body. • Lung: saclike respiratory organ. • Branching tubes inside it deliver air into a respiratory surface serviced by many blood vessels.

  7. INVERTEBRATE RESPIRATION • Tracheal system: consists of repeatedly branching, air-filled tubes reinforced with chitin.

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