Illicit (Illegal) Drugs

1. Depressants, Stimulants& Hallucinogens Illicit (Illegal) Drugs

2. Illicit Drugs – The other drugs • Think/Pair/Share: • What about street drugs interests you? • What do you think is the biggest worry that public health officials have with drug use in America? • How can using street drugs affect your family?

3. Marijuana • What is it? • It is the dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis sativa. • THC is the chemical that accounts for the major psychoactive effects of marijuana.

4. Where did it come from?? • The Spanish brought it to the New World in 1545. The English introduced it in Jamestown in 1611 where it became a major commercial crop and was grown as a source of fiber. • By 1890, hemp had been replaced by cotton as a major cash crop in southern states.

5. What does it feel like? • Different for each person depending on conditions, setting, timing, state of mind, and the variety of cannabis used • Cannabis is felt within seconds of being inhaled. It's peak effect is from 15 minutes to a half hour. • Followed by a steep decline that wears off in 2 to 4 hours

6. Effects on mind and body • Altered perception of space and time • Adversely affects judgment, complex motor skills, and physical coordination's. • These effects make driving a car dangerous. • Impair one’s judgment when making decisions about sex. • Impairs psychological and physical maturation and development.

7. continued • Daily cough and phlegm due to deep inhalation and the marijuana smoke being held in the lungs for a longer period of time. • Symtoms of chronic bronchitis, and more frequent chest colds. • Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens that could increase the risk of lung cancer. • Works on the brain in similar ways as do other street drugs.

8. Short Term Side Effects • Reddening of the eyes • Increase heart rate • Cool fingers and toes • Mouth gets dry - "cotton mouth.“

9. Health Problems • Cancer • Lungs and airways • Immune system • Reproductive system • Nervous system • Heart

10. A Motivational Syndrome • This syndrome, also known as a "burnout". Amotivational Syndrome is characterized by decreased motivation,- decreased drive, shortened attention span, poor memory and judgment, impaired ability to concentrate, impaired communication skills and a diminished ability to have interpersonal relationships

11. Tolerance • Some studies have shown that heavy marijuana users need 8 times the dose in order to get the same effects as infrequent users

13. Cocaine

14. What is it? • Cocaine is a powerful CNS stimulant • It is derived from a coco plant.

15. Where did it come from? • Cocaine is derived from small leaves of the coca shrub (Erythroxylon coca) • The use of chewing coca leaves which contain about 2% cocaine can be traced back to the Inca Civilizations-about 5000 years • Incas used the coca leaves to increase strength and stamina, and to measure time and distance

16. Addiction Potential • There is an immediate craving for the user for more cocaine after it’s short lived high that usually subsides after 1hour. • It has been proved that monkeys provided with a self-administration device, prefer the drug over food that’s in the cage. This happens even when the monkey’s are starving to death. • Addictive element: cocaine

17. Tolerance • Many addicts report that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first experience in post uses of the drug. • Some users will frequently increase their doses to intensify and prolong the euphoric effects. • This increased sensitivity may explain some deaths occurring after apparently low doses of cocaine

18. Effects of Cocaine on Brain • Cocaine Blocks reuptake of certain chemicals in the brain dopamine Serotonin norepinephrine • Chemically alters the brain!

19. Brain: Personality changes • Confused • Anxious • Depressed • Short-tempered • Grow suspicious of friends, loved ones and other associates. • Thinking is impaired • Loose interest in food • THE MORE THEY USE, THE WORSE IT ALL GETS

20. Body: Cocaine Side Effects Long-term • Addiction • Irritability • Restlessness • Paranoia • Auditory hallucinations • Heart Attack Short-term • Increased Energy • Decreased Appetite • Increased Heart Rate, BP • Dilated Pupils • Increased Temperature • Anxiety, Depression • Mentally Alert • Formication: Insects crawling on them

21. Withdrawal • A “crash” causes cocaine users to seek more cocaine to get out of this depression and results in addiction. Withdrawal from cocaine can cause the addict to feel depressed, anxious, and paranoid. The addict may then go into a period of exhaustion and they may sleep for a very long time.

22. Health Problems • Severe dependency • Heart attack • Respiratory failure • Strokes and • Seizures • Very powerful and highly addictive drug • Addiction

23. Methamphetamine

24. Where did it come from? • Started in China as a medicinal herb called ma huangused to clear respiratory pathways. • In 1887, German chemists isolated the active ingredient of ma huang and called it ephedrine. Soon after, it was found the ephedrine stimulated the entire sympathetic nervous system. • Gordon Alles (Los Angeles) created a synthetic form of ephedrine in 1927 and called it amphetamine. • Amphetamines gained a greater use in WWII to not only help with asthma, but to keep soldiers “pepped up” during long battles. They were considered better than cocaine because they could be taken orally and the effects were much longer lasting. Soon, college students, truck drivers, etc. were regularly taking amphetamines to help keep them awake for long periods at a time. Ma Huang  Ephedrine  Amphetamine  Methamphetamine

25. What is it? • It is a highly addictive stimulant of the CNS • Different at home chemicals combined together in a dangerous way. • Always a different strength and purity • You NEVER KNOW what you are getting. • Addictive substance: random chemicals

26. Effects on the brain • Mimic’s neurotransmitters like dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine.

27. Body: Feels like… • Short, yet intense rush or flash • Similar effects of cocaine…except high lasts longer…anywhere from 8-24 hours • Euphoria • Invincibility • Alertness • Decreased appetite • Increased energy

28. Side Effects • EXTREME weight loss • Extreme alertness, energy, confidence • Little need for food, sleep, sex • More focused and awake • Racing of heart, nausea, dry mouth • Diarrhea, tension • Restlessness, irritability

29. Addiction Potential and withdrawal • Highly Addictive: Effect of drug gives an intense rush, tolerance effect. • Withdrawal symptoms are intense and can last for months or years. They include: • depression, anxiety, fatigue, paranoia, aggression, and an intense craving for the drug. • Because the "high" that methamphetamine gives is intense and can last from eight to 24 hours, it has replaced cocaine, heroin, and marijuana as the drug of choice in many areas.

30. Tolerance • Chronic use may result in a tolerance to the drug • As a result, users may to try intensify the desired effects by: • Taking higher doses • Taking it more frequently, or • Changing their method of ingestion (binging) • Chronic, tolerated users' dosages are generally 2-3 times that of new users’ dosages. These heavy users may go through a gram or more per day.

33. Health Problems: • Releases high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which stimulates the brain enhancing mood and body movement. • Neurotoxic effect- damages brain cells containing dopamine and serotonin • Over time it reduces levels of dopamine resulting in symptoms like those of Parkinson’s disease. • Addiction • Psychotic Behavior • Cardiac Arrhythmia (rapid and/or irregular heart beat) • Malnutrition • Tooth decay

38. Meth Mouth

39. Formication

40. Methamphetamine

41. Heroin

42. What is it? • It comes from the unripe pod of an opium poppy. Where did it come from? • Laos, Burma, Thailand, Pakistan and some countries in South America. • Most heroin users start by sniffing or inhaling the fumes from the heated substance and then gradually begin injecting.

44. ? • What age group and ethnicity do you think is the most effected by Heroin use? Short Clip: http://quietube3.com/v.php/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cskq_zGVSZs&feature=related

45. How does it effect the mind/body? • Basically, it makes it so that a ton of Neurons in the brain are firing all at once, effecting bodily activities including digestion, regulation of body temperature, breathing, sensations of pain, and experiences of pleasure. • User awakened, pupils become smaller, and the skin becomes cold, moist, and bluish in color. • Breathing slows down and death may occur.

46. Addiction Potential • Heroin is three times stronger than morphine. Until 1910, it was realized that heroin was more addictive than morphine. • It enters the brain rapidly and binds to opioid receptors. • Heroin is one of the most physically addictive drugs in the WORLD! Breaking the addiction is very difficult.

47. Withdrawal Symptoms Early withdrawal symptoms • Irritability/anxiety • Increased respiratory rate • Sweating • Watery eyes, tearing or crying • Yawning • Runny nose • Goosebumps • Restlessness • Dilated pupils • Loss of appetite, anorexia • Advanced withdrawal symptoms • Insomnia or extended restless sleep • Abdominal cramps, diarrhea • Nausea and vomiting • Weakness • Chills • Tachycardia (abnormally fast heartbeat) • Hypertension • Muscle spasms, tremors • Panic • Muscle and bone pain • Cravings stop

48. Risks from heroin use • HIV/AIDS - due to sharing of needles • Poisoning - from the addition of toxin to the drug • Hepatitis - liver damage • Skin infections - from repeated intravenous injections • Other bacterial and viral infections • Increase risk of stroke • Collapsed veins • Lung infections

49. Tolerance • That first high is never achieved again… so the body does build up a tolerance to Heroin.

50. Date Rape/ Club drugs • Ecstasy • Rohypnol (ruffies) • Ketamine • GHB