Before Giving Care

1. Before Giving Care List four conditions that must be present for disease transmission to occur Identify two ways in which pathogen can enter the body Describe how to minimize the risk of disease transmission when blood is visible Describe the difference between expressed consent and implied consent Describe the purpose of Good Samaritan laws List six situations in which moving a victim is necessary List limitations you should be aware of before you attempt to move someone Describe how to perform emergency moves

2. Preventing Disease Transmission • Infectious diseases are those that can spread from a person, insect or object that have been in contact with the disease • Resulting from contact with a pathogen • Most common pathogens are virus and bacteria • Bacteria are everywhere • Divide rapidly under ideal conditions • Many cause homeostatic imbalances • Treated with antibiotics • Penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline

3. Preventing Disease Transmission • Unlike Bacteria, Viruses need a host to survive • Cause many diseases • Hard to treat (some have no treatment/cure) • Once contracted, some live indefinitely in the body • Lessen the impact of the symptoms they cause • DennisKunkel.com

4. How Bloodborne Pathogens are Spread All four conditions must be met: A pathogen is present There is a sufficient number of pathogen present The pathogen passes through the correct entry site A person is susceptible to the pathogen Figure 3-1

5. How Bloodborne Pathogens are Spread • Direct contact • Infected blood or body fluids from one person enter another person at the correct entry site • Touch, splash, laceration, puncture • Indirect contact • Touching an object that has been infected with a pathogen that then enter through an enter site • Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, HIV • Highest risk is unprotected direct or indirect contact with infected blood

6. Standard Precautions Safety measures to prevent infection from blood and body fluids • Always consider body fluids and substance as infectious • Include: • Personal hygiene • Frequent hand washing • Page 31 for proper hand washing technique

7. Standard Precautions • Personal Protective Equipment • Disposable, single use gloves • Remove rings, jewelry, etc before putting on gloves • Cover any cuts and scrapes prior to contact • Wear masks or dust shields to reduce infection from fluids that may splash • What if no PPE is available? • Cleaning up • Use gloves, clean up immediately, use absorbent/ single use paper towels, wipe up with 1part bleach/9 parts water

8. Legal Considerations Obtaining consent… If conscious, a victim has the right to refuse or accept care. • Identify who you are, level of training, and what care you would like to give • Referred to a expressed consent If unconscious, consent is implied • Assume that care can be given • Also used when parents can’t be found for consent

9. Legal Considerations Good Samaritan Laws • Give legal protection to people who willing provide are to an injured person without accepting anything in return • Acts as a reasonable and prudent person • Doesn’t exceed the scope of individual’s training • Vary from state to state If you begin care, you need to continue care until someone takes over, or ???? • May be subject to abandonment if you stop

10. Reaching and Moving Victims • Check, Call, Care first • Move the victim only when you can do so safely if there is immediate danger • Fire • Presence of toxic gas • Risk of drowning • Risk of explosion • Collapsing structure • Uncontrollable traffic hazards

11. Reaching and Moving Victims • Consider limitations to moving a victim • Dangerous conditions at the scene • Size of the victim • Your physical ability • Whether others can help you or not • The victims condition • Guidelines to follow (page 36) • When attempting to reach a victim, remember your safety is the most important consideration

12. Emergency Moves • Objective is to move a person to safety without injuring yourself or further injuring the victim • Walk Assist • One or two rescuers • Conscious victim • Arm is placed across your shoulders and held in place with the outside hand • Other arm is wrapped behind the victim • Not appropriate if you suspect head, neck, or back injury

13. Emergency Moves • Pack-Strap carry • Single rescuer (two required if victim is unconscious) • Back to victim, victims arms over shoulder so rescuers shoulders are under victims armpits • Cross arms in front of you, lean forward, stand up and walk to safety • Not appropriate to use if head, neck, or back injury is suspected

14. Emergency Moves • Two-person seat carry • Requires two responders • Responders face each other and interlock arms • Lower arms go behind thighs and upper arms go under victims shoulders • Victim puts his/her arms over responders shoulders • Used for a conscious victim not seriously injured

15. Emergency Moves • Clothes Drag • Used on a conscious or unconscious victim suspected of a head, neck, or back injury • Grasp clothing behind the shoulders • Support the head and neck with the forearms • Pull the victim to safety

16. Emergency Moves • Blanket Drag • Use with one responder for a conscious or unconscious person suspected of having a head, neck or spinal injury when equipment is limited. • Roll the person as a unit onto their side, place blanket, then gently roll them back • Gather blanket above the head and pull to safety.

17. Emergency Moves • Ankle Drag • Use with one responder when a person is too large to carry or move in any other way. • It is not appropriate to do if you suspect that the person has a head, neck or spinal injury.

18. Summary • Top priority is to ensure your own safety • Make sure scene is safe • Wear protective material • Get consent from a conscious victim • Move a victim only when necessary and it would not harm you or further harm the victim • Think before you care!