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CS603 Communication Mechanisms

CS603 Communication Mechanisms. 14 January 2002. Types of Communication. Shared Memory Message Passing Stream-oriented Communications Remote Procedure Call Remote Method Invocation. Message Passing. Basic model: mailing a letter Package data Has source (from address)

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CS603 Communication Mechanisms

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  1. CS603Communication Mechanisms 14 January 2002

  2. Types of Communication • Shared Memory • Message Passing • Stream-oriented Communications • Remote Procedure Call • Remote Method Invocation

  3. Message Passing • Basic model: mailing a letter • Package data • Has source (from address) • Delivered to recipient (to address) • Recipient is informed of delivery and can read at will • Advantages • Low overhead • Simple model • Enables high concurrency

  4. Message Passing (cont.) • Disadvantages • No real programming model • No support for consistency • Stock exercise – let’s build a semaphore

  5. Message Passing: What else do we need to know? • Delivery announcement • Poll • Signal/interrupt • Quality of service • Bandwidth • Latency • Addressing mechanisms • Reliability!

  6. Addressing Mechanisms • Point-to-point • Obvious mechanism • Multicast • Optimization over point-to-point • Broadcast • NOT just optimized point-to-point

  7. Reliability Example:Byzantine Agreement • Introduced as voting problem (Lamport, Shostak, Pease ’82) • A and B can defeat enemy iff both attack • A sends message to B: Attack at Noon! General A General B The Enemy

  8. Byzantine Agreement • Impossible with unreliable networks • Possible if some guarantees of reliability • Guaranteed delivery within bounded time • Limitations on corruption of messages • Probabilistic guarantees (send multiple messages)

  9. CS603Communication Mechanisms 16 January 2002

  10. Types of Communication • Shared Memory • Message Passing • Stream-oriented Communications • Remote Procedure Call • Remote Method Invocation

  11. Types of Reliability • Delivery Guarantees • Always delivered • Time bounds • “Eventual” • Knowledge of delivery • Probabilistic guarantees • Ordering – easy to solve at application end • Message corruption

  12. Interaction of Parameters • Reliability and addressing • All-or-nothing multicast vs. partial delivery No real analog in point-to-point • Broadcast ordering • Quality of Service tradeoffs • Fast unreliable broadcast vs. slow reliable point-to-point

  13. Types of Communication • Shared Memory • Message Passing • Stream-oriented Communications • Remote Procedure Call • Remote Method Invocation

  14. Stream-oriented Communications • Telephone model • Matches some underlying hardware • Easy to implement on message passing model • Advantages: • Higher level programming model • Separation of addressing and sending • Quality of Service easier • “Advance notice” of data transfer • Some reliability “built-in” to model

  15. Stream-oriented communications • Disadvantages • Limited to point-to-point • Multicast, broadcast harder to conceptualize • Lack of flexibility • How to model unordered communications? • Performance • Set-up times

  16. Choosing between streams and message passing • Is there repeated communication between participants? • How much do we know in advance? • Multiple participants? • Is state between communications with each participant important? • Ordering important? • Performance needs?

  17. Types of Communication • Shared Memory • Message Passing • Stream-oriented Communications • Remote Procedure Call • Remote Method Invocation

  18. Remote Procedure Call • Idea: Just like a procedure call • Control passes to new procedure • New procedure is on remote machine • Advantages • Familiar programming model • Procedural abstraction • Encapsulation of function • Simple synchronization • Straightforward implementation?

  19. Implementing RPC • How do we do procedure call? • Push arguments • Push return address • Branch • Remote: • Message with arguments, return address • Send • Wait for response

  20. Implementing RPC:Why isn’t it this easy? • Branch vs. Sending a message • Someone has to be listening! • No shared environment • Global variables • Scope • What about passing pointers? • Naming • How do we handle multiple procedures “waiting” for RPC?

  21. RPC: Disadvantages • No concurrency • Must make concurrency explicit at caller • Spawn thread before calling RPC • One thread waits for return, others continue • Reliability questions • Retry? (at least once semantics) • Time out? (at most once semantics) Handling failures left to application!

  22. RPC vs. Communication-Oriented Protocols • What does RPC give us? • Simple programming model • What do we lose? • Simple concurrency model • Efficiency? • Flexible reliability models

  23. Types of Communication • Shared Memory • Message Passing • Stream-oriented Communications • Remote Procedure Call • Remote Method Invocation

  24. Remote Method Invocation • Object-Oriented RPC • Same basic concept • But some new complications • Objects as arguments • How does remote object “invoke” argument? • Pass code/data to execute argument locally? • Another RMI to run the argument? • Same for results Does it ever end?

  25. Remote Method Invocation • Differences from RPC • Communications overhead? • Can it be language-independent?

  26. CS603Communication Mechanisms 18 January 2002

  27. What is coming • Remote procedure call – specific systems • DCE RPC • Java RMI • SOAP • First project

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