Introduction to C++ Programming

1. Introduction to C++ Programming Outline History of C and C++ C++ Standard Library Object Technology Basics of a Typical C++ Environment General Notes About C++ and This Book Introduction to C++ Programming A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text Another Simple Program: Adding Two Integers Arithmetic Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology

2. History of C and C++ • History of C • Evolved from two other programming languages • BCPL and B • “Typeless” languages • Dennis Ritchie (Bell Laboratories) • Added data typing, other features • Development language of UNIX • Hardware independent • Portable programs • 1989: ANSI standard • 1990: ANSI and ISO standard published • ANSI/ISO 9899: 1990

3. History of C and C++ • History of C++ • Extension of C • Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Laboratories) • “Spruces up” C • Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming • Objects: reusable software components • Model items in real world • Object-oriented programs • Easy to understand, correct and modify • Hybrid language • C-like style • Object-oriented style • Both

4. C++ Standard Library • C++ programs • Built from pieces called classes and functions • C++ standard library • Rich collections of existing classes and functions • “Building block approach” to creating programs • “Software reuse”

5. Object Technology • Objects • Reusable software components that model real world items • Meaningful software units • Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects, invoice objects, audio objects, video objects, file objects, record objects, etc. • Any noun can be represented as an object • More understandable, better organized and easier to maintain than procedural programming • Favor modularity • Software reuse • Libraries • MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) • Rogue Wave

6. Basics of a Typical C++ Environment • C++ systems • Program-development environment • Language • C++ Standard Library

7. Program is created in the editor and stored on disk. Preprocessor program processes the code. Compiler creates object code and stores it on disk. Compiler Linker links the object code with the libraries, creates a.out and stores it on disk Primary Memory Loader Loader puts program in memory. Primary Memory CPU takes each instruction and executes it, possibly storing new data values as the program executes. Preprocessor Linker Editor Disk Disk Disk Disk Disk CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . Basics of a Typical C++ Environment • Phases of C++ Programs: • Edit • Preprocess • Compile • Link • Load • Execute

8. Basics of a Typical C++ Environment • Input/output • cin • Standard input stream • Normally keyboard • cout • Standard output stream • Normally computer screen • cerr • Standard error stream • Display error messages

9. General Notes About C++and This Book • Book geared toward novice programmers • Stress programming clarity • C and C++ are portable languages • Portability • C and C++ programs can run on many different computers • Compatibility • Many features of current versions of C++ not compatible with older implementations

10. Introduction to C++ Programming • C++ language • Facilitates structured and disciplined approach to computer program design • Structured programming • Object-oriented programming

11. A Simple Program:Printing a Line of Text • Comments • Document programs • Improve program readability • Ignored by compiler • Single-line comment • Begin with // • Preprocessor directives • Processed by preprocessor before compiling • Begin with #

12. 1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp 2 // A first program in C++. 3 #include <iostream> 4 5 // function main begins program execution 6 int main() 7 { 8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n"; 9 10 return0; // indicate that program ended successfully 11 12 } // end function main Function main returns an integer value. Preprocessor directive to include input/output stream header file <iostream>. Left brace { begins function body. Function main appears exactly once in every C++ program.. Statements end with a semicolon ;. Corresponding right brace } ends function body. Stream insertion operator. Single-line comments. Name cout belongs to namespace std. Keyword return is one of several means to exit function; value 0 indicates program terminated successfully. fig01_02.cpp(1 of 1)fig01_02.cppoutput (1 of 1) Welcome to C++!

13. A Simple Program:Printing a Line of Text • Standard output stream object • std::cout • “Connected” to screen • << • Stream insertion operator • Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream • Namespace • std:: specifies using name that belongs to “namespace” std • std:: removed through use of using statements • Escape characters • \ • Indicates “special” character output

14. A Simple Program:Printing a Line of Text

15. 1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp 2 // Printing a line with multiple statements. 3 #include <iostream> 4 5 // function main begins program execution 6 int main() 7 { 8 std::cout << "Welcome "; 9 std::cout << "to C++!\n"; 10 11 return0; // indicate that program ended successfully 12 13 } // end function main Multiple stream insertion statements produce one line of output. fig01_04.cpp(1 of 1)fig01_04.cppoutput (1 of 1) Welcome to C++!

16. 1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp 2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement 3 #include <iostream> 4 5 // function main begins program execution 6 int main() 7 { 8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n"; 9 10 return0; // indicate that program ended successfully 11 12 } // end function main Using newline characters to print on multiple lines. fig01_05.cpp(1 of 1)fig01_05.cppoutput (1 of 1) Welcome to C++!

17. Another Simple Program:Adding Two Integers • Variables • Location in memory where value can be stored • Common data types • int - integer numbers • char - characters • double - floating point numbers • Declare variables with name and data type before use int integer1; int integer2; int sum; • Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration • Comma-separated list int integer1, integer2, sum;

18. Another Simple Program:Adding Two Integers • Variables • Variable names • Valid identifier • Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores) • Cannot begin with digit • Case sensitive

19. Another Simple Program:Adding Two Integers • Input stream object • >> (stream extraction operator) • Used with std::cin • Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return) key • Stores value in variable to right of operator • Converts value to variable data type • = (assignment operator) • Assigns value to variable • Binary operator (two operands) • Example: sum = variable1 + variable2;

20. 1 // Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp 2 // Addition program. 3 #include <iostream> 4 5 // function main begins program execution 6 int main() 7 { 8 int integer1; // first number to be input by user 9 int integer2; // second number to be input by user 10 int sum; // variable in which sum will be stored 11 12 std::cout << "Enter first integer\n"; // prompt 13 std::cin >> integer1; // read an integer 14 15 std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt 16 std::cin >> integer2; // read an integer 17 18 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign result to sum 19 20 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sum 21 22 return0; // indicate that program ended successfully 23 24 } // end function main Declare integer variables. Use stream extraction operator with standard input stream to obtain user input. Calculations can be performed in output statements: alternative for lines 18 and 20: std::cout << "Sum is " << integer1 + integer2 << std::endl; Stream manipulator std::endl outputs a newline, then “flushes output buffer.” Concatenating, chaining or cascading stream insertion operations. fig01_06.cpp(1 of 1)

21. Enter first integer 45 Enter second integer 72 Sum is 117 fig01_06.cppoutput (1 of 1)

22. Arithmetic • Arithmetic calculations • * • Multiplication • / • Division • Integer division truncates remainder • 7 / 5 evaluates to 1 • % • Modulus operator returns remainder • 7 % 5 evaluates to 2

23. Arithmetic • Rules of operator precedence • Operators in parentheses evaluated first • Nested/embedded parentheses • Operators in innermost pair first • Multiplication, division, modulus applied next • Operators applied from left to right • Addition, subtraction applied last • Operators applied from left to right

24. Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators • if structure • Make decision based on truth or falsity of condition • If condition met, body executed • Else, body not executed • Equality and relational operators • Equality operators • Same level of precedence • Relational operators • Same level of precedence • Associate left to right

25. Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

26. Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators • using statements • Eliminate use of std:: prefix • Write cout instead of std::cout

27. 1 // Fig. : fig01_14.cpp 2 // Using if statements, relational 3 // operators, and equality operators. 4 #include <iostream> 5 6 using std::cout; // program uses cout 7 using std::cin; // program uses cin 8 using std::endl; // program uses endl 9 10 // function main begins program execution 11 int main() 12 { 13 int num1; // first number to be read from user 14 int num2; // second number to be read from user 15 16 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n" 17 << "the relationships they satisfy: "; 18 cin >> num1 >> num2; // read two integers 19 20 if ( num1 == num2 ) 21 cout << num1 << " is equal to " << num2 << endl; 22 23 if ( num1 != num2 ) 24 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl; 25 using statements eliminate need for std:: prefix. Declare variables. Can write cout and cin without std:: prefix. if structure compares values of num1 and num2 to test for equality. if structure compares values of num1 and num2 to test for inequality. If condition is true (i.e., values are equal), execute this statement. If condition is true (i.e., values are not equal), execute this statement. fig01_14.cpp(1 of 2)

28. 26 if ( num1 < num2 ) 27 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl; 28 29 if ( num1 > num2 ) 30 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl; 31 32 if ( num1 <= num2 ) 33 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to " 34 << num2 << endl; 35 36 if ( num1 >= num2 ) 37 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to " 38 << num2 << endl; 39 40 return0; // indicate that program ended successfully 41 42 } // end function main Statements may be split over several lines. fig01_14.cpp(2 of 2)fig01_14.cppoutput (1 of 2) Enter two integers, and I will tell you the relationships they satisfy: 22 12 22 is not equal to 12 22 is greater than 12 22 is greater than or equal to 12

29. Enter two integers, and I will tell you the relationships they satisfy: 7 7 7 is equal to 7 7 is less than or equal to 7 7 is greater than or equal to 7 fig01_14.cppoutput (2 of 2)

30. 1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology and the Unified Modeling Language • Object oriented programming (OOP) • Model real-world objects with software counterparts • Attributes (state) - properties of objects • Size, shape, color, weight, etc. • Behaviors (operations) - actions • A ball rolls, bounces, inflates and deflates • Objects can perform actions as well • Inheritance • New classes of objects absorb characteristics from existing classes • Objects • Encapsulate data and functions • Information hiding • Communicate across well-defined interfaces