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William H. Hsu Department of Computing and Information Sciences, KSU

CIS 736 Computer Graphics. Advanced CG Topics 3 of 8: Ray Tracing Topics. William H. Hsu Department of Computing and Information Sciences, KSU KSOL course pages: http://snipurl.com/1y5gc Course web site: http://www.kddresearch.org/Courses/CIS636

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William H. Hsu Department of Computing and Information Sciences, KSU

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  1. CIS 736Computer Graphics Advanced CG Topics 3 of 8: Ray Tracing Topics William H. Hsu Department of Computing and Information Sciences, KSU KSOL course pages: http://snipurl.com/1y5gc Course web site: http://www.kddresearch.org/Courses/CIS636 Instructor home page: http://www.cis.ksu.edu/~bhsu Readings: All slides from SIGGRAPH 2000 tutorial on OpenGL, Shreiner, Angel, Shreiner: http://www.cs.unm.edu/~angel/SIGGRAPH/ Sections 2.6, 3.1, 20.3 – 20.13, Eberly 2e – see http://snurl.com/1ye72 NeHe tutorials: 6 – 10, http://nehe.gamedev.net Article: http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2003/10/28/9853/1617 CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  2. Lecture Outline • Four More Short OpenGL Tutorials from SIGGRAPH 2000 • Vicki Shreiner: Animation and Depth Buffering • Double buffering • Illumination: light positioning, light models, attenuation • Material properties • Animation basics in OpenGL • Vicki Shreiner: Imaging and Raster Primitives • Ed Angel: Texture Mapping • Dave Shreiner: Advanced Topics • Display lists and vertex arrays • Accumulation buffer • Fog • Stencil buffering • Fragment programs (to be concluded in Tutorial 3) CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  3. CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  4. Ray Tracing • What is it? • Why use it? • Basics • Advanced topics • References CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  5. Ray-Tracing: Why Use It? • Simulate rays of light • Produces natural lighting effects CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  6. Ray-Tracing: Why Use It? • Hard to simulate effects with rasterization techniques (OpenGL) • Rasterizers require many passes • Ray-tracing easier to implement CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  7. Ray-Tracing: Who Uses It? • Entertainment (Movies, Commercials) • Games pre-production • Simulation CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  8. Ray-Tracing: History • Decartes, 1637 A.D. - analysis of rainbow • Arthur Appel, 1968 - used for lighting 3D models • Turner Whitted, 1980 - “An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display” really kicked everyone off. • 1980-now - Lots of research CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  9. The Basics • Generating Rays • Intersecting Rays with the Scene • Lighting • Shadowing • Reflections CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  10. The Basic Idea • Simulate light rays from light source to eye Light Eye Incident ray Reflected ray Surface CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  11. “Forward” Ray-Tracing • Trace rays from light • Lots of work for little return Light Image Plane Light Rays Eye Object CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  12. “Backward” Ray-Tracing • Trace rays from eye instead • Do work where it matters Light Image Plane Eye Object This is what most people mean by “ray tracing”. CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  13. Ray Parametric form • Ray expressed as function of a single parameter (“t”) <x, y, z> = <xo, yo, zo> + t * <xd, yd, zd> <x, y, z> = ro + trd t = 2.5 rd = <xd, yd, zd> t = 2.0 t = 1.0 ro = <xo, yo, zo> t = 0.0 CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  14. Generating Rays • Trace a ray for each pixel in the image plane tan(fovx) * 2 Image Plane fovx Eye Eye (Looking down from the top) CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  15. Generating Rays • Trace a ray for each pixel in the image plane (Looking from the side) m (tan(fovx)* 2) / m (tan(fovy)* 2) / n Eye n Image Plane CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  16. Generating Rays • Trace a ray for each pixel in the image plane renderImage(){ for each pixel i, j in the image ray.setStart(0, 0, 0); // ro ray.setDir ((.5 + i) * tan(fovx)* 2 / m, (.5 + j) * tan(fovy)* 2 / n, 1.0); // rd ray.normalize(); image[i][j] = rayTrace(ray); } CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  17. Triangle Intersection • Want to know: at what point (p) does ray intersect triangle? • Compute lighting, reflected rays, shadowing from that point p rd ro <?, ?, ?> (t = ???) CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  18. Triangle Intersection • Step 1 : Intersect with plane ( Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 ) Plane normal n = <A, B, C> p rd ro p = -(n. ro + D) / (n. rd ) CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  19. Triangle Intersection • Step 2 : Check against triangle edges n V1 V0V1 Ei = ViVi+1 x n (plane A, B, C) di = -A.N (plane D) p E0 V0 V2 Plug p into (p. Ei + di) for each edge if signs are all positive or negative, point is inside triangle! CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  20. Triangle Normals • Could use plane normals (flat shading) • Better to interpolate from vertices nV1 V1 Find areas n nV0 c p a V0 b nV2 V2 n = anV0 + bnV1 + cnV2 area(V0V1V2) CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  21. Finding Intersections • Check all triangles, keep the closest intersection hitObject(ray) { for each triangle in scene does ray intersect triangle? if(intersected and was closer) save that intersection if(intersected) return intersection point and normal } CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  22. Lighting • We’ll use triangles for lights • Build complex shapes from triangles • Some lighting terms Light Eye N I R V Surface CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  23. Lighting • Use modified Phong lighting • similar to OpenGL • simulates rough and shiny surfaces for each light In = IambientKambient + IdiffuseKdiffuse (L.N) + IspecularKspecular (R.V)n CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  24. Ambient Light • IambientSimulates the indirect lighting in a scene. Eye Light CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  25. Diffuse Light • Idiffusesimulates direct lighting on a rough surface • Viewer independent • Paper, rough wood, brick, etc... Eye Light CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  26. Specular Light • Ispecularsimulates direct lighting on a smooth surface • Viewer dependent • Plastic, metal, polished wood, etc... Eye Light CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  27. Shadow Test • Check against other objects to see if point is shadowed Eye Shadowing Object CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  28. Reflection • Angle of incidence = angle of reflection ( qI = qR ) • I, R, N lie in the same plane R = I - 2 (N . I) N N qI qR I R CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  29. Putting It All Together • Recursive ray evaluation rayTrace(ray) { hitObject(ray, p, n, triangle); color = object color; if(object is light) return(color); else return(lighting(p, n, color)); } CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  30. Putting It All Together • Calculating surface color lighting(point) { color = ambient color; for each light if(hitObject(shadow ray)) color += lightcolor * dot(shadow ray, n); color += rayTrace(reflection) * pow(dot(reflection, ray), shininess); return(color); } CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  31. Putting It All Together • The main program main() { triangles = readTriangles(); image = renderImage(triangles); writeImage(image); } CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  32. This is A Good Start • Lighting, Shadows, Reflection are enough to make some compelling images • Want better lighting and objects • Need more speed CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  33. More Quality, More Speed • Better Lighting + Forward Tracing • Texture Mapping • Modeling Techniques • Motion Blur, Depth of Field, Blurry Reflection/Refraction • Distributed Ray-Tracing • Improving Image Quality • Acceleration Techniques CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  34. Refraction • Keep track of medium (air, glass, etc) • Need index of refraction (h ) • Need solid objects N qI Medium 1 (e.g. air) sin(qI) h1 sin(qT) h2 I = Medium 2 (e.g. water) T qT CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  35. Refraction CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  36. Improved Light Model • Cook & Torrance • Metals have different color at angle • Oblique reflections leak around corners • Based on a microfacet model CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  37. Using “Forward” Ray Tracing • Backward tracing doesn’t handle indirect lighting too well • To get caustics, trace forward and store results in texture map. CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  38. Using “Forward” Ray Tracing CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  39. Texture Mapping • Use texture map to add surface detail • Think of it like texturing in OpenGL • Diffuse, Specular colors • Shininess value • Bump map • Transparency value CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  40. Texture Mapping CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  41. Parametric Surfaces • More expressive than triangle • Intersection is probably slower • u and v on surface can be used as texture s,t CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  42. Constructive Solid Geometry • Union, Subtraction, Intersection of solid objects • Have to keep track of intersections CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  43. Hierarchical Transformation • Scene made of parts • Each part made of smaller parts • Each smaller part has transformation linking it to larger part • Transformation can be changing over time - Animation CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  44. Distributed Ray Tracing • Average multiple rays instead of just one ray • Use for both shadows, reflections, transmission (refraction) • Use for motion blur • Use for depth of field CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  45. Distributed Ray Tracing CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  46. Distributed Ray Tracing • One ray is not enough (jaggies) • Can use multiple rays per pixel - supersampling • Can use a few samples, continue if they’re very different - adaptive supersampling • Texture interpolation & filtering CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  47. Acceleration • 1280x1024 image with 10 rays/pixel • 1000 objects (triangle, CSG, NURBS) • 3 levels recursion 39321600000 intersection tests 100000 tests/second -> 109 days! Must use an acceleration method! CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  48. Bounding volumes • Use simple shape for quick test, keep a hierarchy CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  49. Space Subdivision • Break your space into pieces • Search the structure linearly CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

  50. Parallel Processing • You can always throw more processors at it. CIS 636/736: (Introduction to) Computer Graphics

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