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Chapter 26 – Section 1: Origins of the Cold War

v s. Chapter 26 – Section 1: Origins of the Cold War. What is the Cold War?. Intense political conflict Military tensions and competition around the globe Nuclear arms buildup: the “bomb” Increased economic competition Capitalism vs. Communism No direct fighting on a battlefield

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Chapter 26 – Section 1: Origins of the Cold War

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  1. vs. Chapter 26 – Section 1:Origins of the Cold War

  2. What is the Cold War? • Intense political conflict • Military tensions and competition around the globe • Nuclear arms buildup: the “bomb” • Increased economic competition • Capitalism vs. Communism • No direct fighting on a battlefield • Rise of “superpowers”

  3. vs. vs.

  4. Why did the Cold War start? • USSR and USA have different ideas about what the world should be like, both economically and politically • USA wants: • Spread of democracy and capitalism • Worldwide trade and global markets • Rebuilding of Europe • Free exchange of ideas • Freedom of expression around the globe

  5. The American Dream!

  6. Why did the Cold War start? • USSR wants: • Secure the borders to prevent another invasion • Spread of Communism and the associated ideology around the globe • Desires to install their own governments in countries in order to control them • Wants to crush all opposition to the Communist Part • Killing of countless people for speaking out

  7. Why did the Cold War start? • Roots of the Cold War are planted during WWII • Soviet Union starts to become suspicious of western powers • Stalin angry with how United States handled some key issues • Thought we took too long to invade Europe • Keeping the development of the atomic bomb so secret

  8. Why did the Cold War start? • Post World War II Climate – A Quick Synopsis • Western Europe is in shambles • Truman is now president • Stalin promises free elections in Poland and Eastern Europe • Conquered Germany needs a new government

  9. What Happens Next? • United Nations is formed in April of 1945 • Designed to be a peacekeeping organization • Fifty countries form the UN in 1945 • The War in Europe is over: Someone has to pay • The Potsdam Conference • July of 1945 • Stalin wants reparations for his losses • Reparations will come from occupation zones

  10. What Happens Next? • Eastern Europe is important to both sides • Raw materials and resources • Stalin had promised free elections at Yalta • Does not happen • Soviet Union installs friendly governments • Come to be known as satellite nations • Stalin now sees our systems as incompatible • War inevitable

  11. What is the Western Response? • George Kennan and the Long Telegram • Policy of containment • Explained some Soviet viewpoints • Containment is preventing the expand of Communism beyond its current borders • Our job is to protect countries from Communism • End up losing Eastern Europe to communism • Prevent the spread in other parts of the world

  12. What is the Western Response? • Churchill goes to Westminster • He was there to receive an honorary degree • “…From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.” • Was referring to the division that became apparent • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8_wQ-5uxV4

  13. What is the Western Response? • Truman saw economic aid as the first line of defense • Britain had been providing aid to countries • Ran out of money • Truman asks for $400 million • $3.9 billion today • Truman seeks a policy to support “free peoples” • This will become the Truman Doctrine

  14. The Truman Doctrine • Aiding people who try to overthrow pro-communist governments • Notes conflict with Soviet Union • Rejects accommodation with Soviet Union • Avoids direct confrontation with Soviet Union • Reflects our missionary aspect of foreign policy • Covert operations through the CIA

  15. Early Usage of the CIA • Covert operations to prevent the spread of communism • Covert ops in 48 countries in the first ten years of it’s existence • Tim Weiner’s Legacy of Ashes • Incredible history of the CIA from its inception • Takes you on a roller coaster ride • Contains lots of recently declassified information • Almost reads like a thriller

  16. “Protector of Freedom and Capitalism”

  17. Economic Recovery Plan • Also called the Marshall Plan • Aid Europe in rebuilding infrastructure • Europe asks for $22 billion • We give $14 billion to 17 nations • Guess What? It works • Communism falls from favor • Europe flourishes • In 1952 the ECSC is formed • In 1958 the ECM is founded • These organizations lay the groundwork for the EU

  18. Other forms of Aid • World Bank is founded in 1945 • Develops transportation, health care, and education in poor and developing countries • Does this through loans • International Monetary Fund is founded in 1945 • Promotes exchange rates and monetary policy • Offers loans (with certain conditions) to poorer countries

  19. Struggle for power in Germany • In 1948, the Allies sought the unification of Germany • Unified Germany is stronger for Europe and World • Soviets want a fractured Germany • Fractured Germany is weak • Allies seek to unify their zones of occupation • No agreement was signed • Stalin sees a loophole • Berlin Blockade starts

  20. The Berlin Airlift • Airlift starts in June of 1948 • Nearly 5000 tons of supplies daily • Crews drop candy and presents from their planes • In 327 days, USA and G.B.: • 277,000 flights • 2.3 million tons of supplies • We were bringing more by plane than rail • Airlift ends in May of 1949

  21. Split into East and West Germany • Federal Republic of Germany in May of 1949 • Bundesrepublik Deutschland • West Germany • Few months later the German Democratic Republic • Deutsche Demokratische Republik • East Germany

  22. Formation of NATO • Berlin Blockade scared Europe • Need a way to defend ourselves • North Atlantic Charter is signed which forms NATO • April 4th, 1949 • Ended hopes of isolationism • Big shift in foreign policy for United States • Greece and Turkey join in 1952 • West Germany joins in 1955

  23. Evolution of the United States Armed Forces • Strategy was no longer a conventional military • Put all of our focus into the “bomb” • Size of the military shrank drastically • From 10 million troops to 2 million • Air Force is created to deliver the bomb • We needed a new bomber to deliver the bomb to the Soviet Union

  24. Development of a New Bomber • Development of the B-52 • Went ahead with the B-36 • Propeller based plane • Jet Age • Became obsolete very quickly • Charges of wasteful spending from other departments

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