What did you learn from Prof. John Franklin’s lecture?

1. What did you learn from Prof. John Franklin’s lecture?

2. Why does Gates of Fire work?“The opposite of fear … is love” (380) • Geographic, historical & linguistic accuracy (Hot Gates, “we shall fight in the shade,” “tell him to come and get them”) • Narrative & characters (Alexandros, Polynikes) • Structure and organization • Story arcs (Xeones, Xerxes): aretê vs. atê • Humor, value-systems (“weck up to thees!” “I chose them not for their own valor, lady, but for that of their women”) • Gritty, realistic portrayal of war (120, 296, 299, 302) • Details of Greek culture (gods, philosophizing, agogê) • Spartan life & the characters and lives of • Spartan men & women (Dienekes, Arete) • helots (Rooster) and metoikoi(Diomache) • the “other” (Xerxes, “Tommie”) Why does 300 not work as well?

3. What are the Persian and Greek strategies at Thermopylae and do they make sense? μολὼν λαβέ(molōnlabe: Plut. Moralia 225c11)“Come and take [them]!” Battle of Artemisium

4. Rough location of the battlefield:What happened at Thermopylae? Ephialtes’ track Persian attack Phocian wall 300 Coastlineca. 480

5. Arrowheads from ThermopylaeHelmet said to be from Thermopylae National Archaeological Museum, Athens Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto

6. After Thermopylae: did the Spartans die in vain? Why were they willing to sacrifice themselves?(see Hdt. 7.102, 104: Demaratus to Xerxes) “O stranger, go tell the Spartans that here we lie, to their orders [or laws] obedient” (Hdt. 7.228). Ὦ ξεῖν’, ἀγγέλλειν Λακεδαιμονίοις ὅτιτᾖδε κείμεθα, τοῖς κείνων ῥήμασι πειθόμενοι. Ō ksein', angelleinLakedaimonioishotitēidekeimetha, toiskeinōnrhēmasipeithomenoi Xerxes and Leonidas’ head: “normally the Persians, more than any other nation I know of, honor men who distinguish themselves in war” (Hdt. 7.238)

7. Cape Artemisium Thermopylae • Euboea Athens: • Delphi proclaims “… the wooden wall only shall not fail” (Hdt. 7.141) • Women, children & elderly flee to Troezen • Fleet takes station between port & Salamis Greek allies: • wall at the diolkos Persians burn Athens  Delphi • Marathon X Plataea • Athens Isthmus XSalamis • Corinth • Aegina • Troezen

8. Salamis, 480Themistokles vs. Xerxes Questions: • what were the Persian & Greek strategies after Thermopylae? • Eurybiades, Alcibiades, Sicinnus, Xerxes (Plut. Them. 12-13) • topography and tactics • differences between Phoenician and Greek ships (Plut. Them. 14) • differences in training of the crews

9. Mt. Aigaleos (Xerxes) Salamis Psyttaleia Phaleronl “Children of the Hellenes, advance, and set free your fatherland. Set free your children, your wives, the temples of your theoi and ancestors' tombs. The struggle is for them all” (Aesch. Persians 402-405) Ὦ παῖδεςἙλλήνωνἴτε, ἐλευθεροῦτε πατρίδ', ἐλευθεροῦτεδὲ παῖδας, γυναῖκας, θεῶν τέ πατρῴων ἕδη, θήκας τε προγόνων: νῦν ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀγών.

10. “Greece’s destiny depended on her ships” (Thuc. 1.74.1)Fleets: ~370 Greek vs. 800-1200 Persian

11. Why did Xerxes honor Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus with this alabaster jar, inscribed “Xerxes, the Great King”?See Hdt. 8.87 on Artemisia at Salamis Alabaster jar, British Museum, 479-465 BCE Probably a gift from Xerxes to Artemisia, discovered in Halicarnassus at the tomb of her descendant, Queen Artemisia, wife of King Mausolus, who ruled Caria in the mid-4th c. BCE

12. Athens’ response to Sparta’s concern that the Athenians will ally with Persia “Again, there is the Greek nation – the community of blood and language, temples and ritual, and our common customs; if Athens were to betray all this, it would not be well done …. So long as a single Athenian remains alive we will make no peace with Xerxes” (Hdt. 8.144) • τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐὸν ὅμαιμόν τε καὶ ὁμόγλωσσον καὶ θεῶν ἱδρύματά τε κοινὰ καὶ θυσίαι ἤθεά τε ὁμότροπα ... • to Hellênikon eon: “the Greek nation” (lit. “being Greek”)

13. Thebes Plataea Mt. Kithairon Athens

14. Mt. Kithairon (left), plain of Plataea “ ‘I shall fight as long as I live, and shall not consider being alive more important than being free, and I shall not desert … nor shall I depart until the hegemones go first, and I will do whatever the generals command, and those of the allied fighters who die I shall bury on the spot and I shall not leave anyone unburied; and after conqu[e]ring the barbarians in battle I shall tithe the city of the Thebans, and I shall not harm Athens or Sparta or Plataea or any of the other cities who joined in battle …. May my city be free from sickness …and … not be sacked … and bear fruit … and may women bear children like their parents ….’ “ (D&G 7.42)

15. Mycale & Hellespont: Image 1 of 2

16. Hellespont: Image 2 of 2

17. Serpent column Temple of Apollo Stoa of the Athenians Treasury of the Athenians[Marathon]

18. Treasury of the Athenians[Marathon] Serpent-Column Stoa of the Athenians

20. Dedication of the Athenian stoa, 479 BCE ΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΙ ΑΝΕΘΕΣΑΝ ΤΕΝ ΣΤΟΑΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΗΟΠΛ[Α Κ]ΑΙΤΑΚΡΟΤΕΡΙΑ ΗΕΛΟΝΤΕΣ ΤΟΝ ΠΟΛΕ[ΜΙΟ]ΝἈθεναῖοι ἀνέθεσαν τὲν στόαν καὶ τὰ ὅπλ[α κ]αίτἀκροτέρια ἑλόντες τῶν πολέ[μιω]νAthenaioianethesantênstoankai ta hopl[a k]aitakroteriahelontestôn pole[miô]n“The Athenians dedicated the stoa and the cable[s a]ndthe prows, having seized them from the ene[mie]s” What do you think of Herodotus’ assessment of the war?(Hdt. 7.139.1-6 = D&G 11.54)

21. Serpent-column, snake’s head, Istanbul:dedication 479 BCE; relocation 324 CE; miniature 1582 CEColumn-base, 479 BCE, Delphi

22. Dedicants named on the Serpent-Column erected at Delphi, 479Honoring all of those poleis that fought against the Persians[also: bronze statues of Zeus at Olympia & Poseidon at Isthmia]“These the war fought:[Coil] 12: Lacedaimonians, Athenians, Corinthians11: Tegeans, Sicyonians, Aeginetans10: Megarians, Epidaurians, Orchomenians 9: Phleiasians, Troizenians, Hermionians 8: Tirynthians, Plataeans, Thespians 7: Mycenaeans, Keians, Melians, Tenians 6: Naxians, Eretrians, Chalcidians 5: Styrians, Eleians, Potideaeans 4: Leucadians, Anaktorians, Kythnians, Siphnians 3: Ambraciots, Lepreates”Pausanias (2nd c. CE) 10.13.9, which records the same names as on the coils

23. List of medizers according to Herodotus (7.132)”Thessalians, Dolopians, Ainianes, Perraibians, Lokrians, Magnetes, Malians, Achaeans of Phthiotis, Thebans and the rest of the Boeotians except for the Thespians and Plataeans”

24. Who deserved credit for victory over the Persians? Serpent-column tripod: Spartan king Pausanias’ hubris This is the gift the saviors of far-flung Hellas set up here,Having delivered their states from loathsome slavery's bonds. [inscribed on the missing golden tripod atop the snakes’ heads] • DiodorusSiculus 11.33.2 (1st c. CE) quotes this dedication, attributing it to the poet Simonides, and says that it replaced Pausanias’ hubristic inscription claiming sole credit for victory at Plataea

25. What was the character of Themistokles, and did he earnkleosand timêfor his display of aretê?

26. For Friday: Aeschylus’ Persians, 472 BCEpart of trilogy (other 2 lost), oldest surviving tragedy in the worldproducer (chorêgos): Perikles son of Xanthippos at 23 years of age Aeschylus (525/4-ca. 456) Perikles (495-429) • What are the major points of agreement and disagreement between Herodotus’ account and Aeschylus’ play? • Can tragedy serve as a reliable source for Athenian history? • Does Xerxes make a fitting tragic figure? • How do you think the Athenians responded to the play? • Pick a passage to read aloud …. Xerxes(522-465)