Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System, Pathology

1. Chapter 11The Cardiovascular System, Pathology

2. The Heart: Myocardial Infarction • M.I. = Coronary = Heart Attack • Occurs due to lack of blood (oxygen) to cardiac cells • Symptoms: • Angina: Discomfort, pressure, heaviness, or pain in the chest, arm, or below the breastbone • Discomfort radiating to the back, jaw, throat, or arm • Fullness, indigestion, or choking feeling (may feel like heartburn) • Sweating, nausea, vomiting, or dizziness • Extreme weakness, anxiety, or shortness of breath • Palpatations: Rapid or irregular heartbeats

4. Atherosclerosis/Arteriosclerosis • Atherosclerosis – Fatty build-up inside of arteries decrease size of lumen and inhibit blood flow. • Aorta and coronary arteries are especially susceptible to atherosclerosis • Arteriosclerosis – End stage of atherosclerosis. • Smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue in the tunica media die, and are replaced by nonelastic scar tissue. • Weakened arterial walls could balloon into an aneurysm.

5. Atherosclerosis

7. Atherosclerosis

8. Embolism • A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in an unbroken blood vessel. • If it breaks away and floats through the blood stream, it becomes an embolus. • An embolus can flow through the blood vessels until it reaches a vessel too small to pass through. It then blocks blood flow to tissues down stream. • Could be life threatening if the embolus blocks tissues in vital organs: lungs, heart, brain

9. Embolism

10. The Heart: Congestive Heart Failure • A progressive condition that reflects a weakening of the heart by coronary atherosclerosis (clogging the coronary arteries) • Left side failure leads to pulmonary edema • Right side continues to send blood to lungs, but left side doesn’t remove blood to systemic circulation. • Blood vessels in lungs begin to leak fluid into the lungs. Could lead to death by suffocation. • Right side failure leads to peripheral edema • Most noticeable in distal parts of the body: feet, ankles, and fingers become swollen • Failure of one side of the heart strains the other side, and could lead to cardiac arrest.

11. Cardiovascular System: Anatomy Blood Circulation Figure 11.3

12. Aneurysm • Ballooning of an artery wall, can rupture leading to hemorrhage. • Common in the abdomen aorta, and arteries of the brain and kidneys.

13. Varicose Veins • Common in people who stand for long periods of time, and in obese (or pregnant individuals) • Lack of activity causes blood to pool in the feet and legs. • Over-full veins causes valves to give way, resulting in dilated, twisted veins • Thrombophlebitis could occur: blood clot forms in a varicose vein. • Clot breaks free, get trapped in blood vessels of the lungs leading to a pulmonary embolism (life-threatening)

14. Varicose Veins