Lecture 6 Immanuel Kant

1. Lecture 6Immanuel Kant Introduction to Moral Issues

2. Immanuel Kant • Born 1724, Koningsburg, Prussia • Rarely left his homeland • Published Many Works on Metaphysics, Ethics, Aesthetics • The Great Synthesizer: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8jAs0utwxo

3. THE Good Will • Nothing can be called good in the world, without qualification except for the Good Will( conscious desire to do good). • Moderation in affections of passions, self-control, and calm deliberation are not only good in many respects, but even seem to constitute part of the intrinsic worth of the person, • …but they are far from deserving to be called good without qualification

4. Moral Worth • Acting properly in business transactions might be an honest act….but one must be consciously acting for honest reasons, not for selfish gain… • …the inclination to honor, which if it is happily directed to that which is in fact of public utility and accordant with duty, and consequently honorable, deserves praise and encouragement, but not esteem. • ….For the maxim lacks the moral import , namely , that such actions be done from duty , not from (mere) inclination.

5. Moral Worth • An action done from duty derives its moral worth, not from the purpose which is to be attained by it, • …but from the maxim by which it is determined and therefore does not depend on the on the realization of the object of the action (the results, consequences) • Moral worth of an action does not lie in the effect expected from it, nor in any principle of action which requires to borrow from expected effect

6. The Categorical Imperative • …the supreme principle of morality • As I have deprived the will of every impulse which could arise to it from obedience to any law, there remains nothing but the universal conformity of its actions to law in general which alone is to serve as the will of principle…. • I am never to act otherwise than so that I could will that my maxim should become a universal law • You cannot deviate for any possible consequence!

7. The Categorical imperative • To deviate from the principle of duty is beyond all doubt wicked , but to be unfaithful to my maxim of prudence may often be very advantageous to me…and keep me safer…but it is not moral. • What if the roles were reversed? Can there ever be a world where EVERY RATIONAL BEING can make a false promise, if you were to allow false promises to be made from time to time? • I cannot intend for a lie to become universal law

8. Hypothetical vs Categorical imperatives • Hypothetical imperative- the practical necessity of a possible action as means to something else that is willed • Categorical imperative- that which represented an action as necessary of itself without reference to another end, i.e., as objectively necessary • When I conceive a hypothetical imperative, in general I do not know beforehand when it will contain until I am given the condition. • But when I conceive a categorical imperative, I know at once what it contains.

9. THE CATEGORICAL IMPERITIVE: • “ACT as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature”

10. Four illustrations • Pg. 49 • Maxim: From self-love I adopt it as a principle to shorten my life when its longer duration is likely to bring more evil than satisfaction.

11. 2. Maxim: When I think of myself in want of money, I will borrow money and promise to repay it, although I know I can never do so. • 3. Maxim: Is it acceptable to neglect one’s natural gifts. • 4. Maxim: It is acceptable to leave the suffering of others to fate. • What are the problems associated with each of these

12. 2nd formulation of the Categorical Imperative • Man , any rational being, exists as an end in himself. • …one must never be used as a means • Rational nature exists as an end in itself. Man necessarily conceives his own existence as being so, so far then this is a subjective principle of human action. • But every other rational being regards its existence simlarly • So act as to treate humanity, whether in thine own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end withal, never as a means only…

13. KINGDOM of ENds • By kingdom I understand the union of different rational beings in a system of common laws. • For all rational beings come under the law each of them must treat itself and all others never merely as means, but in every case at the same time as ends in themselves. • Hence a system of common law.

14. 3 min philosophy • I. Kant (Warning, contains objectionable material) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwOCmJevigw&feature=relmfu