Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality

1. Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20th Century Prior to WWII

2. Review China’s Road to 1911

3. Review: China’s Road to 1911 In the centuries prior to 1800: • China maintained Middle Kingdom ideal amidst Europeans’ resistance to tribute system • Opium Wars, unequal treaties, spheres of influence • Taiping & Boxer Rebellions

4. 1911 • End of Dynastic System in China

5. In your opinion, what was the major cause of China’s decline in the 1800s? Why?

6. Review: Japan on Opposite Path

7. Review Japan’s Revolutionary 19th Century

8. Review: Japan on Opposite Path • Samurai lose wealth/ importance = sign of crumbling social structure “Meiji Restoration” • Meiji = modernization • Social reforms, economic reforms, political reforms • Imperialism = world power? • 1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War = Korea & Taiwan • 1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War = Manchuria • These victories mark Japan’s arrival as a world power

9. 1910 • Japan’s emerging Asian empire

10. Post-Dynastic China 1911-1937

11. Decline of Qing dynasty leads to disorder b/t 1911 & 1949

12. China Periodization: • 1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic” • 1927-1937: the Guomindang’s China • 1931: Japan invades Manchuria • 1937-1945: 2nd Sino-Japanese War • World War II & intertwined histories • 1945-1949: Chinese Civil War resumes

13. China 1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic” Early, factions vie for power : • Landlords (led by Yuan Shikai) • Nationalists (led by Sun Yat-sen) • Communists (led by Mao Zedong)

14. China 1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic” • Nationalists • Aimed at creating democratic China • Supported urban life & intellectuals • Focused on government ideals rather than practical solutions

15. China 1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic” • Communists • Aimed at peasant reform

16. China 1927-1937: Guomindang’s China Chiang Kai Shek emerges • Leads Nationalists (KMT) after Sun

17. 1934 • KMT’s brutal crack down on communists leads to Long March

18. China 1927-1937: Guomindang’s China So…by 1931 • Nationalists “in charge” • Communists want power • Violent civil war

19. Imperial Japan 1905-1937

20. Japan 1905-1937: Imperial Japan Japan expands during 20th century for lots of reasons • Japanese expansion is an implicit challenge to Western dominance • This leads Japan on the road to war

21. Japan 1905-1937: Imperial Japan Additional Reasons to Expand: • Need • Island nation, limited resources, limited farmland, overpopulation • Anti-Western Sentiment • Racial equality? • Limiting of navy? • End of emigration to U.S.?

22. Japan 1905-1937: Imperial Japan 1930 speech of military leader: “We are like a great crowd of people packed into a small narrow room, and there are only three doors through which we might escape, namely emigration, advance into world markets, and expansion of territory. The first door…has been barred to us by the anti-Japanese immigration policies of other countries. The second door…is being pushed shut by tariff barriers…Japan should rush upon the last door [expansion of territory].”

23. Japan 1905-1937: Imperial Japan 1930’s American observation: “In every classroom is a world-map or map of Asia which shows Japan in red as a very small land indeed, compared to the mainland nations of Asia…In a perfectly bland manner some villager, on looking at such a map, will suggest how nice it would be to [acquire] a bit more of China.”

24. Japan 1905-1937: Imperial Japan 1920s & 1930s, mark further industrial advance of Japan • Great Depression = sparks coups & further militarization of Japanese government • Example: • 1931 – Manchurian Incident

25. Japan 1905-1937: Imperial Japan

27. Histories Intertwined China & Japan 1937-1945

28. 20th Cent. Japan 1937 – Japan launches invasion of coastal China • Imperial spirit led to control of islands & much of SE Asia as well • Cultural & economic imperialism • Branded as: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere or an “An Asia for Asians”

30. WWII – Histories Intertwined 1937 – Japanese invasion of China • Guomingdang & Communists reach alliance • Following Communists’ Long March, Guomingdang left to fight Japanese alone • Turning point in Chinese civil war

31. WWII – Histories Intertwined • Japanese devastate Chinese cities (Nationalist strongholds) • Communists win support among peasants and for guerilla attacks on Japanese

32. WWII – Histories Intertwined A terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by Japan

33. WWII – Histories Intertwined • Strategy • Embargo → Pearl Harbor • Defensive perimeter → island hopping • Fight to the death, suicide missions → more direct strikes

34. WWII – Histories Intertwined August 6th & 9th, 1945 • Hiroshima = 140,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (200,000 total) • Buildings leveled for a 1.5 miles radius • Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (140,000 total) • Explosion had temp exceeding 7,000 oC (Sun’s surface temp. = 6,000 oC).

35. WWII – Histories Intertwined • Japanese defeat in World War II resumes Chinese civil war with Communists clearly in control • 1949 – Communist victory; Nationalist flee to Taiwan

36. WWII – Histories Intertwined • Following WWII & atomic bombs, Japan occupied by U.S. forces until 1952 • Political restructuring – emperor not divine, but kept in place • Economic recovery – “The Economic Miracle” • Highly educated society • Already industrialized • Rebuild with latest technologies • No military expenses