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Chapter 6

Chapter 6 . Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying. Adventure Exploration Sport Airplanes Increased safety Reliability Frequency. Charles Lindbergh . Early Life Worked on farm Dropped out of U. of Wisconsin Flying Flying lessons – 1922 8 hours of dual instruction

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939

  2. Golden Age of Flying • Adventure • Exploration • Sport • Airplanes • Increased safety • Reliability • Frequency

  3. Charles Lindbergh • Early Life • Worked on farm • Dropped out of U. of Wisconsin • Flying • Flying lessons – 1922 • 8 hours of dual instruction • Wing-walking/parachuting • Bought Curtiss-Jenny – 1923 • Continued barnstorming

  4. Charles Lindbergh

  5. Charles Lindbergh • Military aviation • Cadet - 1924 • Formation flying • Bombing and strafing • 104 cadets in class • 18 graduated • Lindberg finishes first • 2nd lieutenant • Released from active duty

  6. Charles Lindbergh • Robertson Aircraft Corporation • Airmail pilot • St Louis to Chicago • Tested airplanes • Organized routes • Hired pilots • Arranged delivery trucks • 1st airmail run – 15 April 1925 • 5 roundtrip flights per week • Left in February 1927

  7. Charles Lindbergh • Orteig Prize • $25,000 prize • First nonstop flight • Between New York and Paris • Either direction • Financial support • St Louis business community • $15,000 business loan

  8. Spirit of St Louis • Wanted monoplane • Reduced drag • Single engine • Additional fuel tank • Periscope added • Ryan Aircraft • $10,580 • Test flights – April 1927 • Flew from • San Diego to St Louis • St Louis to Roosevelt Field

  9. Other Attempts • Rene Fonck (21 Sep 1926) • Crashed S-35 on takeoff • Survived – two died • Naval aviators (April 1927) • Died during test flight • French airmen (8 May 1927) • Nungesser & Colt • Never seen again • Clarence Chamberlin • Richard Byrd

  10. Atlantic Flight • Coast-to-coast speed record • 21 hours 20 minutes • Packed for trip • 4 sandwiches • 2 canteens of water • Army rations • Takeoff – 20 May 1927 • 07:52 AM • 450 gallons of gas • 20 feet clearance of wires

  11. Atlantic Flight • Challenges • Skimming over storm clouds • Flying as low as 10 feet • Icing • Flying blind in fog • Navigating by stars • Landing • Le Bourget Airport • 21 May 1927 • 10:22 PM

  12. Charles Lindbergh • Won Orteig Prize • Awarded Legion of Honor • Chevalier of Royal Order Leopold • Distinguished Flying Cross • Promoted to Colonel • Congressional Medal of Honor • Time “Man of the Year” • Brief flights in Europe • Longines watch

  13. Charles Lindbergh • 1st Goodwill Tour • Sell aviation • Promote commercial aviation • 20 July to 23 October • Visited all 48 states • 82 cities • 30 million people • 22,000 miles • Logged 260 hours 45 minutes • 147 speeches • 1,290 parade miles

  14. Charles Lindbergh • 1st Goodwill Tour • Pilot applications tripled • Licenses aircraft quadrupled • Passengers • 1927 – 5,782 • 1929 – 173,405 • 3,000% increase

  15. Charles Lindbergh • 2nd Goodwill Tours • Nonstop Washington to Mexico City • 26 hours 15 minutes • 17 Latin America countries • 9,000 miles • Flew airplane to Washington • Donated to Smithsonian • 174 flights • 489:28 hours logged

  16. Charles Lindbergh • “Crime of the Century” • Move to Europe • Return to U.S. • Temporary call-up to active duty • Dr. Alexis Carrell • Glass perfusion pump • Future heart surgeries possible • Travel to Germany • Report on German aviation • German award

  17. Charles Lindbergh • America First • Proposed neutrality act with Germany • Resigned commission • Anti-Semetic • FBI investigates Lindberg • Future heart surgeries possible • United Aircraft • Tech representative - Pacific • Flew over 50 combat missions • Brigadier General appointment

  18. ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION, AND SPORT • Dole’s Pacific Air Race • $35,000 prize • Nonstop flight • Oakland to Honolulu • 15 airplanes entered • 3 crashed before race

  19. Dole Derby • 16 August 1927 • 8 participated • 2 crashed on takeoff • 2 went missing • 1 returned for repairs • Search for missing • Disappeared • 2 planes completed race • Wooloroc • Art Goebel and Bill Davis • Aloha • Second prize - $10,000

  20. Other Pacific Crossings • Oakland to Sidney, Australia • 31 May to 9 June • 83 hours 38 minutes • Japan to Wenatchee, Washington • Clyde Pangborn • October 1931

  21. Atlantic Crossings • South Atlantic Ocean • Italian Francesco de Pinedo • Amelia Earhart • 1932 • Solo, nonstop transatlantic flight • James Mollison • First east-to-west solo crossing • England to Cape Town • Airship Graf Zeppelin • 18 crossings (S. Atlantic)

  22. Round the World • Graf Zeppelin • Lakenhurst start/stop • 21 days, 5 hours, 31 minutes • 20,651 miles • Wiley Post • 1931 • 8 days 15 hours 51 minutes • 1933 – solo • 7 days 18 hours 49 minutes • Monoplane “Winnie Mae” on both trips

  23. Round the World • Howard Hughes • Lockheed Super Electra • 3 days, 19 hours • Polar Flights • Byrd • South Pole – November 1929 • Russian crew • First nonstop great-circle flight • Soviet Union to United States • 63 hours 17 minutes

  24. Italian Distance Flight • Benito Mussolini • Chicago World’s Fair - 1933 • Squadron of airplanes (Flying Boats) • 25 airplanes • One lost enroute • Flew in formation over Fair • One lost on return flight

  25. MacRobertson Air Race • October 1934 • $75,000 prize • England to Melbourne • No limit to aircraft/power/crew size • 5 compulsory stops • Initial field - 60 • Start of race – 20 • 9 finished race • Scott and Black winners (Britain) • 71 hours 0 minutes

  26. ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION, AND SPORT • Dole’s Pacific Air Race • Atlantic Crossing • Round the World • Polar Flights • Italian Distance Flights • MacRobertson Air Race

  27. ALTITUDE FLIGHTS • Altitude Flights • Speed Flights • French Raids • Light Airplanes • Autogiros • Homebuilt Aircraft • Flying Fleas • Homebuilt Movement • Gliding

  28. ALTITUDE FLIGHTS • Flight over Mt. Everest (29,030 ft) • April 1933 • PV.3 Torpedo Bomber • Lord Clydesdale/Dave McIntyre • Balloonists • 1934 • Explorer I • Captain Orvil Anderson • More than 11 miles • 1935 • Explorer II • 72,395 ft (13.7 miles)

  29. SPEED FLIGHTS • Absolute Record • 278.481 (May 1927) • 297.817 (November 1927) • 318.624 (March 1928) • 407.001 (1931) • 440.678 (1934) • 463.921 (March 1939) • 469.224 (April 1939)

  30. LIGHT AIRPLANES • Popularity of airplanes • Manufacturers produced small planes • Private pilots • High performance • Competitive aviators • De Havilland D.H. Moth 60 • Bi-plane • Two-seater • Over 1,000 built (1925 – 1934) • Taylor Aircraft Company • Piper Aircraft Corporation • Stinson • Waco

  31. ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION, AND SPORT

  32. Golden Age • Autogiros • Both rotor and propeller • Rotor generates lift • Propeller draws aircraft forward • Competitive aviators • Juan de La Cierva (Spain) • Homebuilt Aircraft • Standard feature of aircraft • Heath “Super Parasol” kit • Popular Mechanics • Pietenpol’s “Air Camper” • Modern Mechanix

  33. Flying Fleas • Henri Mignet • Built own airplanes • Inspired homebuilding movement • “The Flea of the Sky” • “a kite with an auxiliary engine” • Did not have • Ailerons • Slots • Elevators • Cowling • Flea rally - 1935

  34. ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION, AND SPORT

  35. Gliding • Germany • Enrollments increased yearly • 1930s – 10,000 members • Investigated thermals • Fly in front of storm • Cloud to cloud • City thermals

  36. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • Aéropostale • Airmail service between France and S. America • Strong government support • Competed with Lufthansa • Longest line of routes in world • Scandal in 1930s • Lost subsidy • Liquidation and bankruptcy

  37. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • French Aviation • Merged 5 airlines into 1 (Air France) • Air Orient • Air Union • CIDNA • SGTA • Aeropostale • Air France • National airline

  38. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • French Aviation • 1930s – decline in aviation • Poor domestic economy • Government corruption • Civil war in Spain • Fasicm • Military strength • 1937 – produced 37 planes/month • Custom craft techniques

  39. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • Deutsche LuftHansa • Installed radios on large transports • Instrument rating compulsory-1926 • 1928 – refreshments for passengers • Large European network • Flew more miles • Transoceanic Routes • N. Atlantic Ship-to-land service • Floatboat off passenger ship to New York • S. Atlantic service - 1934

  40. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • Deutsche LuftHansa • International Cooperation • Reduce competition along routes • China service – 1930

  41. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • British Airlines • Imperial Airways • Neglected domestic routes • Did not improve colonial routes • Hillman • British Airways • British government • Divided international routes • Imperial – long Empire routes • British Airways – short Empire routes

  42. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • United States • Air Mail Act of 1925 • Stimulated formation of airlines • Air Mail Act of 1930 • Premium to airlines • Transported passengers and mail

  43. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • Mergers • United Airlines ---- Boeing’s United Aircraft and Transport Corporation • Eastern Airlines ---- Florida Airways and Pitcairn Aviation • TWA ---- Transcontinental and Western Air • American Airlines ---- 82 small airlines

  44. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • United States • Air Commerce Act • Bureau of Lighthouses • Airway development and maintenance • Light beacons, navigational aids • Bureau of Standards – government lab • Aeronautical research • Coast and Geodetic Survey • Mapping airways • Commerce Department • Air regulations • Administrationof Aeronautics Branch

  45. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • United States • Air Commerce Act • Test/license pilots • Issue airworthiness certificates • Make/enforce safety rules • Establish airways • Operate/maintain aids to air navigation • Investigate accidents and incidents

  46. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • United States • Jeppesen • Airmail pilot – Elrey V. Jeppesen • Recorded detailed notes in notebook • Charted “letdown procedures for emergency airfields along routes • Other pilots requested info • 1934 – published airway information

  47. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • United States • Airmail Scandal • 9 Feb 1934 • Postmaster James A. Farley • Cancelled airmail contracts within U.S. • Charged collusion • Congress investigates • FDR – directs Army Air Corps to fly mail • 19 February to 1 June • Not prepared • Fighter planes/trainers not appropriate • Many pilots had little experience

  48. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • United States • Army Air Corps • Suspended service - March 10 to 19 • Reorganize for safer operations • 14,745 hours • 1,707,559 miles flown • $3.76 million dollars • $2.21 per-mile cost • Contract airlines - $0.54 • Failed test of readiness

  49. Commercial Airlines and Airliners • United States • Air Mail Scandal • Congress force separation of • Airlines flying mail from • Companies that produced aviation equipment • DC-3 emerged • Requirement • Airlines carry passengers without subsidy • Popular with passengers • Over 10,000 built in 1930s and 1940s

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