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CHAPTER 2 GEODEMOGRAPHY: PEOPLING THE EARTH

CHAPTER 2 GEODEMOGRAPHY: PEOPLING THE EARTH. Definition: Demography. Statistical analysis of human population Spatial Density Humans are quite unevenly distributed over the Earth’s surface Population densities range from zero to over 2,000 people per square mile. What is studied?.

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CHAPTER 2 GEODEMOGRAPHY: PEOPLING THE EARTH

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  1. CHAPTER 2GEODEMOGRAPHY: PEOPLING THE EARTH

  2. Definition: Demography • Statistical analysis of human population • Spatial Density • Humans are quite unevenly distributed over the Earth’s surface • Population densities range from zero to over 2,000 people per square mile

  3. What is studied? • Areas of inquiry • Fertility • Gender • Health • Age • Nutrition • Mortality • Migration

  4. What is studied? • Also study thespatial variation of other demographic qualities. • Birthrate differences • Death rates • Overpopulation • Sex ratios • Age groups • Crime • Quality of life • Human mobility

  5. Density and Distribution • Population distribution and density • Uneven population distribution by continent • Density divided into categories • Density does not indicate standard of living, overpopulation, or under population • Physiological density difficult to measure • More useful than the arithmetic density • Agricultural Density better for comparing countries • Shifting population densities • Migrations

  6. Density and Distribution • Formal regions devised by population geographers • Distribution of people by continents • Eurasia 73.3 percent • North America 7.3 percent • Africa 12.7 percent • South America 5.5 percent • Australia and Pacific Islands < 0.5 percent

  7. 3 1 2

  8. Cartogram of World Population

  9. Density and Distribution • Population density categories for demographic regions • Thickly settled areas – 250 or more per sq mi • Moderately settled areas – 60 to 250 per sq mi • Thinly settled areas – 2 to 60 per sq mi • Categories based on single trait of population density. (Formal Regions)

  10. Choropleth Map of Arithmetic Density

  11. Density and Distribution

  12. Physiological Density

  13. Agricultural Density

  14. Demographic regions • Is the world really overcrowded? • Who determines or defines “overcrowded”? • How is this to be determined? • Does population density give us the full picture?

  15. Demographic regions • Population density • What population densities do not tell us • Standard of living • Over or under population • As a statistic concept it conceals changes that constantly occur

  16. Components of Change • Patterns of natality • Birthrate – measured as the number of births in a year per thousand people. • Total fertility rate (TFR) • More useful measure than birthrate • Varies greatly from one part of the world to another • Key number is 2.1 (replacement rate)

  17. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) • Measured as the average number of children born to each woman during her reproductive years • Focuses on female segment of population and reveals family size • In Europe TFR now stands at 1.4 • Sub-Saharan Africa’s overall rate is 6.0, Niger is highest with 7.4 • Remember that 2.1 indicates no growth – just replacement

  18. Components of Change • Birth rate does not generally correspond to population density • Inverse situation in China/Europe and interior of Africa • High birthrates concentrated in a belt through the lower latitudes • Mid-latitudes and high-latitude countries have low birthrates • Birthrates now declining in most all countries

  19. Birth Rates

  20. Components of Change • The geography of mortality • Mortality rate: Number of deaths per 1000 people • In developed world most people die of age-induced degenerative conditions • In poorer countries contagious diseases leading cause of death • Discussion of differing death rates in different parts of the world

  21. Death Rates

  22. Components of Change • Reasons for differences in death rates when compared with birth rates • Countries with high birth rates tend to have younger population • More developed regions, such as Europe, including Russia, have low birth rates and an aging population that is reflected in higher death rates. • Australia, Canada, and the United States attract more young immigrants

  23. Components of Change • Nature seeking to find a balance may have developed effective diseases to control population in Africa where our species originated. • Changing climatic patterns imposed a great desert across Africa blocking disease spread from humid tropic region • AIDS started in Tropical Africa but has diffused to more temperate climates

  24. Components of Change • Fatal or potentially fatal diseases can occur in all parts of the world • Many are increasingly resistant to medicines – antibiotic overuse • Monitored by World Health Organization and US Center for Disease Control • Next slide shows that few areas of the world have been spared. • Medical Geography – name given to spatial study of human health

  25. Components of Change • Death comes in different forms geographically • In developed world – age-induced degenerative conditions • Enter the “sandwich generation” • In developing nations contagious diseases are leading cause of death

  26. Sandwich Generation

  27. Components of Change • Population explosion • Triggered by a dramatic decrease in the death rate • No universal decline in the TFR • Example of the geometric doubling of world’s population • Discussion of Thomas Malthus predicting the population explosion

  28. U.S.A. Population Pyramid Population Measures & Structure

  29. Infant Mortality Rates

  30. Life Expectancy at Birth

  31. % of Population under age 15

  32. Was Malthus totally off base? • What could he not have foreseen? • Ingenuity: increasing food supply • Green Revolution • 21st century Organic Farming Revolution • World's falling TFR

  33. Components of Change • Or population implosion? • Karl Marx—communistic view of society – class struggle driven by economics • Ingenuity of humans in increasing food supply • Green Revolution • World's falling TFR

  34. Components of Change • World population explosion is not a worldwide phenomena • Confined to underdeveloped and developed countries with high TFR • All industrialized, technologically advanced countries have achieved low fertility rates • Stabilized or declining populations • Passed through the demographic transformation

  35. Many developing countries are stuck here!

  36. Demographic transformation • In pre-industrial societies, birth and death rates are normally high • Coming of industrial era • Medical advances and diet improvements • Sets state for drop in death rates • Life expectancy soared from average of 35 years to 75 years or more at present • Results in population explosion • Eventually leads to decline in birth rate following decline in death rate

  37. Demographic transformation • In post-industrial period, demographic transformation produces actual zero population growth or decline • Stages 3 and 4 of demographic transformation • Require effective methods of birth control • Traditionally, infanticide served as principal method in some cultures • Abortion remains common in some parts of the world • More common are various contraceptive devices

  38. Cape Verde – Chile – Denmark

  39. China – One Child Policy

  40. Family Planning % of Women Using Family Planning

  41. Family Planning Methods

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