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By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR

CENDI. 4 º Encuentro Internacional de Educación Inicial y Preescolar. Monterrey, M é xico. Experience-Based Brain Development – Its Effect on Health, Learning and Behaviour. By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR. May 21, 2004. 03-072. CIAR.

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By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR

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  1. CENDI 4º Encuentro Internacional de Educación Inicial y Preescolar Monterrey, México Experience-Based Brain Development – Its Effect on Health, Learning and Behaviour By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR May 21, 2004

  2. 03-072 CIAR The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

  3. 03-076 CIAR - Programs Population Health Human Development

  4. Books 03-077 Why Are Some People Healthy And Others Not? Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations

  5. 04-118 Brain Development in Early Life Sets Trajectories for Development Throughout Life

  6. 03-080 Experience-Based Brain Development in the early years of life sets neurological and biological pathways that affect: Health Learning Behaviour

  7. 03-131 NEUROSCIENCE

  8. Experience and Brain Development 03-078 Stimuli in early life switch on genetic pathways that differentiate neuron function –sensitive period Stimuli affect the formation of the connections (synapses) among the billions of neurons From studies in humans, monkeys and rats

  9. 00-078 Brain Plasticity in Early Years 1. Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis - regulation of cortisol memory, diabetes, heart disease, behaviour 2. Autonomic nervous system blood pressure, respiration 3. Sensing pathways vision, sound, touch etc.

  10. Synaptic Density 03-012 At Birth 6 Years Old 14 Years Old Rethinking the Brain, Families and Work Institute, Rima Shore, 1997.

  11. Human Brain Development – Synapse Formation 01-003 Language Sensing Pathways Higher (vision, hearing) Cognitive Function 9 -3 3 1 0 6 4 8 12 16 -6 Months Years Conception AGE C. Nelson, in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000.

  12. 03-163 The Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Gland (HPA) Pathway – Stress Affects cognition, behaviour, the immune system, and many other biological systems Touch in early life is important in setting the neurological pathways and the control and response of this pathway – sensitive period

  13. 04-044 Stress: Two Key Pathways Autonomic Nervous System - Epinephrine 1. Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Gland (HPA) Pathway 2.

  14. 03-002 Emotional Stimulus HPA Pathway Control Amygdala Hippocampus - + - + Hypothalamus PVN Cortisol Cortisol CRF PIT ACTH Adrenal Cortex LeDoux, Synaptic Self

  15. Brain HPA Pathway and Immunology 03-109 Stress can make you ‘sick’ Stress can change the way the immune system responds Mediators CRF, Cortisol – Cytokines - Interleukins Esther Sternberg (NIH)

  16. 03-110 Interaction of the Brain and Immune System CRF Hypothalamus Cortisol CRF Locus Ceruleus Adrenal Gland ACTH Pituitary Gland Vagus Cortisol Cytokines Sympathetic Nervous system Immune Cells Nerve Immune Organs Sternberg, Scientific American, 1997

  17. Genes and Brain Stimulation 01-023 “ … in the dance of life, genes and environment are absolutely inextricable partners. On the one hand, genes supply the rough blueprint for the brain. Then stimulation from the environment, whether it’s light impinging on the retina or a mother’s voice on the auditory nerve, turns genes on and off, fine-tuning those brain structures both before and after birth.” Hyman, S., States of Mind, New York: John Wiley, 1999

  18. Serotonin Gene and Depression Age 26 03-089 Depression Risk .70 SS S = Short Allele L = Long Allele .50 SL LL .30 None Moderate Severe Early Childhood Abuse A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301.

  19. 03-063 HEALTH

  20. 04-007 The Brain and Health From the time of the ancient Greeks to the 20th century, it was accepted that the mind can affect illness. The new thrust of the biosciences and the new treatments for disease have recently caused us to have less interest in the mind-body interaction and disease. Esther Sternberg (NIH)

  21. Historical 00-063 Industrial Revolution and Population Health in the West Tom McKeown - 25% public health - 75% better nutrition Robert Fogel - Major factor better nutrition of children - Early childhood set risks for chronic diseases of adults - Better quality of population improved economic growth

  22. Socio-Economic Factors – Life Cycle and Health 00-076 In Utero - Barker et al Early Years - Power and Hertzman Adult Life - Marmot et al Biological embedding in the early years influences health risks in adult life

  23. 04-006 Swedish Longitudinal Study – ECD and Adult Health Number of Adverse ECD Circumstances* 1 2 4 3 0 Adult Health Odds - Ratios General Physical 1 1.39 1.54 2.08 2.66 1 1.56 1.53 2.91 7.76 Circulatory Mental 1 1.78 2.05 3.76 10.27 * Economic, family size, broken family and family dissention Lundberg, Soc. Sci. Med, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1993

  24. Health Problems Related 00-069 to Early Life Coronary Heart Disease Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Obesity Blood Pressure Aging and Memory Loss Mental Health (depression)

  25. 01-010 "Follow up through life of successive samples of birth has pointed to the crucial influence of early life on subsequent mental and physical health and development." Acheson, Donald - Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health ,1998

  26. 03-065 BEHAVIOUR

  27. 04-009 Behaviour Involves HPA axis, hippocampus and frontal brain Early brain experience affects pathways Behaviour affected by early child development antisocial behaviour and violence drug and alcohol addiction depression post traumatic stress Behaviour possibly affected – autism, dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia

  28. 01-009 "The origin of these behavior problems can be traced back to fetal development and infancy. High quality care-giving support … during the first three years … reduces … the seriousness of behavior problems." . - Developmental Health and the Tremblay, R Wealth of Nations, 1999

  29. 02-009 "The impact of severe stress (early childhood) can leave an indelible imprint on brain structureandfunction.” Martin Teicher Scientific American, 2002

  30. 02-011 "The aftermath … can appear as depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts or post-traumatic stress - or as aggression, impulsiveness, delinquency, hyperactivity or substance abuse." Martin Teicher Scientific American, 2002

  31. Substance Abuse and Childhood Abuse 02-041 Odds Ratios for Drug and Alcohol Use Exposure to Drugs Alcohol Child Abuse * 0 1.0 1.0 1 2.7 2.0 2 2.9 4.0 3 3.6 4.9 4+ 4.7 7.4 Scale: 0 none * 4 intense

  32. 03-064 LEARNING

  33. Intervention Studies 02-036 Grantham-McGregor Abecedarian Ypsilanti Osborn and Milbank Bergmann – France Other (World Bank Report) Compatible with biological and animal studies

  34. Mental Development of Undersized Children 93-040 (Low Height for Age) : The Jamaican Study 110 children of normal height stimulation & supplement 105 develop- stimulation ment 100 quotient supplement 95 control 90 baseline 6 mo 24 mo 12 mo 18 mo

  35. 02-068 Growth Retardation and Development Jamaica Stimulation and supplements normalized development by 2 years Age 11 - Benefits of stimulation still present but not supplementation Grantham-McGregor

  36. Percentages of Preschool Control and Intervention Children with IQ Scores Lower Than 84 in the 97-033 Carolina Early Intervention Program 50 Control 40 Intervention % 30 20 S-B = Stanford- 10 Binet Intelligence Score 0 S-B at S-B at S-B at 48 Months 36 Months 24 Months

  37. WISC Verbal Scores Age 8 – Low Birth Weight Children in ECD Centres (Ages 1 to 3) 03-005 Low Birth Weight 16 All 14 Very Low 12 Low 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 350 Days or 400 Days or Intention to Treat Less in Centre More in Centre Hill, Brooks-Gunn, Waldfogel. Dev. Psychol. 2003 July.

  38. 03-084 1970 - British Birth Cohort Osborn and Milbank (1987) Does preschool education benefit cognition, learning behaviour? “The simple answer is indubitably, yes”

  39. 03-086 1970 British Birth Cohort Preschooling improved performance in school system Benefits children in all social classes The effects of preschooling persist Egerton and Bynner (2001)

  40. Sensitive Periods for Early Development 00-011 critical critical period period wanes Binocular vision Central Auditory System Emotional control Habitual ways of responding Peer social skills Language symbols Cognitive skills: relative quantity age 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (yrs)

  41. 04-010 Summary The longitudinal studies of birth cohorts, the intervention studies and observational studies all show that experience-based brain development in early life affects learning and behaviour. The earlier an infant has exposure to quality experience, the better the outcome. These data are compatible with our understanding of brain development and function.

  42. 03-115 LITERACY

  43. Literacy – Early Vocabulary Growth 02-001 1200 High SES Middle SES Cumulative Vocabulary 600 Low SES 0 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 Age - Months B. Hart & T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in Everyday Experiences of Young American Children, 1995

  44. Levels of Literacy: A Reflection of ECD 01-040 Level 1: indicates persons with very poor skills. Level 2: people can deal with material that is simple Level 3: is considered a suitable minimum for coping with the demands of everyday life Level 4 and 5: describe people who demonstrate command of higher-order processing skills

  45. 03-139 Percentage of Students at Each Level of Proficiency on the Combined Reading Literacy Scale (PISA 2000) Latin America Canada Chile 48 Level 4 & 5 5.7 5.6 Level 3 15.0 24 17.5 59.4 27 Level 1 & 2 53.0 26.5 Below Level 1 1 17.4

  46. Document Literacy 02-061 1994 – 1998, Ages 16 to 55 Level 1 and 2 Level 4 and 5 Sweden 23% 34% Canada 42% 23% Australia 43% 17% United States 48% 18% Chile 85% 3%

  47. 00-085 Socioeconomic Mean scores 350 Gradients for Document 330 Literacy Scores 310 290 International Mean 270 Sweden 250 230 Netherlands 210 Canada 190 170 Chile 0 5 10 15 20 Parents’ Education (years)

  48. 360 00-042 Sociocultural Gradients for Cuba Language 320 Scores By Country Argentina Chile 280 Brazil Language Score Colombia 240 200 8 16 1 4 12 Parents' Education - Years

  49. 01-012 Early Learning and Criminal Behaviour "Significant correlation with registered criminality (teenage) appeared for language development at 6, 18, and 24 months Journal of Abnormal Stattin, H. et al - Psychology 102; 369, 1993

  50. 04-137 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME MEASURES

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