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Physics 1901 (Advanced). A/Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture. Physics@Sydney. World renowned research Astronomy & Astrophysics Optics & Photonics Theoretical Physics Plasma & High Energy Physics Brain & Medical Physics
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Physics 1901 (Advanced) A/Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Physics@Sydney • World renowned research • Astronomy & Astrophysics • Optics & Photonics • Theoretical Physics • Plasma & High Energy Physics • Brain & Medical Physics Take advantage of this expertise http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Physics 1901 (Advanced) Three module course consisting of • Mechanics (15 lectures) • Thermal Physics (10 lectures) • Waves & Chaos (13 lectures) It is assumed you have prior physics knowledge. Stream changes made by the HECS deadline. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Learning What you learn from this course depends upon the effort you put in • Lectures are a guide to course material • University Physics by Young & Freeman • Online resources: WebCT & Junior Physics • 6hrs/week independent study http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Tutorials • Interactive Workshop Tutorials • Work in small groups (upto 4) • Worksheets & Hands-on demonstrations • A chance to ask questions • A place to clarify ideas • Not assessed; up to you. • No worksheets if you don’t attend. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Labs • Labs are 3 hours • Work in groups of 4 • Read in advance • Get it done faster • Better chance of learning something • Level 4, Carslaw Building • Lab manuals from the CO-OP http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Assessment Lab 20% Mastering Physics 10% Progressive Test 5% Lab Skills Test 5% Exam 60% It is important to know concepts & ideas, not just manipulate formulae. It is important to know the meaning of Academic Honesty http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
If you need help • Talk to me or a duty tutor • Consult the web resources • Serious personal problems or illness it is important to complete a Special Consideration Form ASAP! http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Physics 1901: Mechanics http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Physics • is the study of the changeable properties of natural objects • Position, mass, temperature, charge Physics is predictive Know the properties of something now, calculate the properties of something later http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Classical Mechanics (why classical?) • Modern physics • General Relativity • Quantum Mechanics • Classical mechanics • Physics of “human experience” http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Classical Mechanics (what & why?) Simply put, classical mechanics is “how do things respond to forces?” • The concepts of classical mechanics underpin the rest of physics • Have implications in all sciences! • Applied classical mechanics = Engineering? http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Course Layout http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Kinematics (Review Ch 1-3) • Kinematics is the description of motion Let’s start with motion in one dimension xo is the initial position of an object vo is the initial velocity of an object a is the (constant) acceleration of an object What are its properties after a time t ? http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Velocity & Acceleration Velocity is the change of distance over time Acceleration is the change of velocity over time (Differential equations!) http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Kinematic Equations You do not need to memorize such equations as they will be given in an exam. You should be able to derive them from the definitions of velocity and acceleration! http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Non-Constant Acceleration We will consider only constant acceleration. Remember this is not generally true. is called the jerk Can use these to derive more general kinematic equations. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
More than one dimension: Vectors Once we consider motion in more than one dimension, vectors make life simpler. The kinematic equations can be applied in each direction separately. You decide the coordinate system! http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Decomposing Vectors Vectors have a length & direction. To use them we need to decompose the vector into its components. (this is important!) http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Adding Vectors http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Monkey & Hunter http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Galileo & Inertia The Principle of Inertia If a body is left along, it remains where it is or continues along with uniform motion. Why the universe behaves like this is a mystery, but without it science would be quite tricky. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Isaac Newton Developed concept of Dynamics Considered the motion of a body as it is being influenced by something. Developed three fundamental laws of motion. Amongst the most powerful scientific laws! http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
What is the ‘something’? “In order to use Newton’s laws, we have to find some formula for the force; these laws say pay attention to the forces. If an object is accelerating, some agency is at work; find it” Richard Feynman Lectures on Physics http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Universal Forces • Gravity • Electro-magnetic Forces • Strong Force • Weak Force All forces are some form of the above! http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Newton’s First Law “A body acted on by no net force moves with constant velocity (which may be zero) and zero acceleration” This just reiterates Galileo’s ideas of inertia. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Newton’s Second Law “If a net external force acts on a body, the body accelerates. The direction of the acceleration is the same as the direction of the net force. The net force vector is equal to the mass of the body times its acceleration” http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
What is Mass? • The amount of substance in a body • The source of gravity • The ‘coefficient’ of inertia Why these quantities are the same is another mystery of the Universe. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Newton’s Third Law “If body A exerts a force on body B (an ‘action’), then body B exerts a force on body A (a `reaction’). These two forces have the same magnitude but are opposite in direction. These two forces act on different bodies” (Be careful with the minus sign! This is a vector equation!) http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Newton’s Third Law http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Using Newton’s Laws • With no net force, a body remains at rest or at constant velocity. • With a net force, a body accelerates in the direction of the net force, dependent upon its mass. • To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Complications: Weight All masses are attracted to the centre of the Earth. Gravity produces an acceleration of g=9.8m/s2 which means the force is For example: a 51kg gymnast has a weight of 500N (remember your units). http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Complications: Normal Forces Weight acts through the centre of mass, but as I am not accelerating when I stand on the ground, the net force=0! Hence, there is another force balancing weight, supplied by the ground, called the normal force. Are weight & the normal force represent an Action-Reaction pair? http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Complications: Normal Forces • Normal forces are due to the repulsion of atoms • Normal forces are normal to a surface http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Complications: Tension Tension occurs in ropes and strings and depends upon the particular configuration of the forces. For a massless rope, the tension is the same throughout the rope. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Complications: Tension http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Complications: Tension When considering a rope with mass, its weight must be considered. In the static case Remember, weight is a force so its direction is important!! http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Free-Body Diagrams Split the problem into smaller pieces. Consider the forces on particular parts. Keeping track of action-reaction pairs is vital. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Free-Body Diagram http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Free-Body Diagram: Example A trolley of mass m1 is place on a slope inclined at 15o. It is attached via a light string and pulley to a hanging sand bucket. What mass of sand m2 is needed such that the trolley possesses uniform motion? (Assume no friction) http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Free-Body Diagram: Example http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Solving Problems: A Guide • Draw a ‘free-body’ diagram • Consider all of the forces acting • Choose axes to ease the solution • ‘Decompose’ the forces • Equations of motion http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Complications: Friction Microscopically, surfaces are not smooth but consist of pits & peaks. When you try and move something these can lock like a jigsaw puzzle and resist movement. What force is actually causing the friction? http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Complications: Friction Metals can have a more complicated friction. As surfaces come into contact, atoms undergo cold welding. Pull these apart adds to the friction. The number of atoms in contact depends upon how hard the surfaces are pressed together. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Complications: Friction Experimentally the amount of friction is found to be proportional to the component of weight perpendicular to the surface (equivalently the normal force). Static Friction: The frictional force resisting a force attempting to move an object. Kinetic Friction: The frictional force experience by a moving object. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Static Friction As the object is not moving, there must be no net force. where s is the coefficient of static friction. The frictional force Ff balances the applied force until a point where F=Ff. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Kinetic Friction Kinetic friction opposes a moving object. where K is the coefficient of kinetic friction. Unlike static friction, kinetic friction has a fixed value independent of the applied force. (Is this really true?) http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Friction http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Coefficients of Friction Generally, s is larger than K (e.g. steel upon steel; s=0.74 and K=0.57) http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Worked Example (5-91) Block A, with a weight of 3w, slides down an inclined plane S of slope angle 36.9o at a constant speed, while plank B with weight w rests on top of A. The plank is attached by a cord to the top of the plane. • Draw a diagram of the forces acting on block A • If the coefficient of kinetic friction is the same between A & B and A & A, determine its value. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture