Overview of Renewable Energy Research in Israel

1. Overview of Renewable Energy Research in Israel Jacob Karni Environmental Science & Energy Research Department Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel jacob.karni@weizmann.ac.il

2. World Energy Consumption, 1970-2020 Energy consumptionincreases at an accelerated rate Source: DOE’s Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Outlook 2002 [1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ; Quadrillion = 1015]

3. World Energy Consumption by Resource Type  Fossil fuels account for over 85% of the world’s energy consumption Reference: EIA Annual Energy Review 1998 (published January 2000)

4. Estimated annual renewable energy resources Estimated total non-renewable energy resources World Energy Resources Solar is the only renewable energy available in a large enough quantity to provide a global alternative to fossil fuels. [1 EJ = 1x1015 kJ  0.95x1015 Btu] • References: • IEA’s Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates, ref. Data series No. 1 (1995) • Dostrovsky, I., Energy and the Missing Resource, Cambridge Press (1988)

5. World Climate Map Much of the “Hyper-Arid” and “Arid” regions, and some of the “Semi-Arid”regions have favorable conditions for harnessing solar energy.

6. Case Study: China Electrical Power - Present and Future Source: China Daily, Friday September 24, 2004 [1 GW = 1x109 Watt] Even if all hydro and wind resources are used, at least 225 GW of more power is needed by 2010 [Wind energy share of the total generation can't exceed 15-20%, without energy storage capabilities.] And what next? Coal and imported fuels, or solar energy and later 'clean & safe' nuclear energy

7. World Energy-Related Carbon Emissions by Fossil Fuel Type, 1970-2020 Carbon emission is expected to accelerate: There was a 50% increasein the last 30 years.60% increase is projectedfor the next 20 years. Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2002

8. Electricity Capacity and Peak Demand in Israel Courtesy of Dr. Michael Beyth, Chief Scientist, Israel Ministry of National Infrastructure

9. 2200 - 2400 kWh/m2/yr 2100 - 2200 kWh/m2/yr Annual solar radiation in the southern half of Israel (the Negev desert)

10. Solar Roof Collector Typical solar roof collectors for domestic water heating on residential buildings in Israel

11. Miniature Dish Reflector for Small Concentrated Photovoltaic System Concentrated PV location Concentrated PV systems reflect concentrated light onto small array of high-efficiency solar cells. The smaller PV area and higher efficiency lead tosignificant cost reduction relative to standard PV systems. Courtesy of A. Kribus, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel

12. 400 m2 Parabolic Dish Concentrator Focus Concentrated Photovoltaic system is designed for this dish Courtesy of D. Faiman, Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel

13. Concentrated Photovoltaic System Made of an Array of Small Units System rendering Experimental system during installation The system is developed in cooperation between Concentrating Technologies of Huntsville, Alabama and the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

14. Commercial Solar Trough Plant Arial view Turbo-generator facility in the middle of a trough reflectors field Trough reflector Heat collection tube Close up during routine cleaning

15. The Energy Tower • Very Large Tower: • H > 400 m (can be over 1000 m); • D > 100 m (can be over 400 m) • Large-scale power generation (100-500 MW) • Low electricity cost is projected • 24 hours a day operation • Several by-products can also be derived: • Desalinated water • Sea fish farming • Salinity elimination in irrigation projects • Cooling water Courtesy of D. Zaslavsky, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

16. Weizmann’s Solar Laboratories[in operation since 1987] • A 54m high Solar Towerwith 64 Heliostats, each with 56m2 of reflective area. • Tower is set up as a laboratory, with 5 test levels, each capable of housing 2-3 experiments. • Tests at the tower are conducted at a scale of 1 kW to 1 MW • Tower Reflectorfacilitates the development of high-temperature solar chemistry systems

17. Turbine Receiver Solarized Gas-Turbine:Advanced Receiver Development • The receiver absorbs concentrated sunlight and heats the air replacing fuel combustion • Potential for high-efficiency, low-cost systems • Can be used with either a solar tower, or dish concentrator • Can use fuel to boost production during low solar periods, or after sunset 40 kWt test receiver 250 kWt receiver integrated with 70 kWe microturbine Receiver developed at the Weizmann Institute. System development is in cooperation with several industries in Israel and the US.

18. Solarized Gas-Turbine:System Development Rendering of dish-concentrator with solarized gas turbine Small dish prototype with experimental power conversion unit during tests Projections indicate that this systems, including energy storage, could be competitive with conventional fossil fuel power plants

19. Next Generation of Solar Receivers & Reactors Test data and a photo taken during experiment with a new solar receiver. Exit gas temperatures of about 2000 K are reached with both nitrogen and air.

20. Means to store and transport solar energy Solar-driven fuel production:General Concept

21. Solar Reforming:Production of hydrogen rich syngas Methane reforming: a) CH4 + H2O  3H2 + CO b) CH4 + CO2 2H2 + 2CO Experimental solar methane reformer with newly developed radiation absorber and catalyst

22. Solar Thermal-ElectrochemicalDissociation of Water at High Temperature

23. Reduction of metal oxides: Case Study – Zinc

24. Solar Reduction of Zinc Oxide A project in cooperation between ETH/PSI (Switzerland), CNRS-Odello (France), Weizmann Institute (Israel), ScanArc (Sweden), and Zoxy (Germany)

25. Energetic Diagram of Organic Solar Cell Operation (a) Exciton diffusion to the charge separation interface (b) Reflection of the exciton from the TiO2/PPEI interface (c) Charge separation at the PPEI/TiOPc interface (d) Electron collection through the PPEI (e) Electron transport at the TiO2/PPEI interface (f) Hole collection through the TiOPc Reference: Diamant, Y. and Zaban, A., J. Solar energy Engineering, Vol. 126, pp. 893-897, 2004

26. Schematic view of a new high surface area, solid state organic solar cell Both the PPEI and the TiOPc were deposited on the TiO2 by a new electrochemical deposition method. Reference: Diamant, Y. and Zaban, A., J. Solar energy Engineering, Vol. 126, pp. 893-897, 2004

28. E(eV) Eredox CB n-CdS quantum dots n-CdSe quantum dots Liquid or Solid Electrolyte FTO Pt-grid glass VB nc TiO2 distance Quantum Dots semiconductor-sensitized used to stabilize nanocrystalline cells Courtesy of G. Hodes and D. Cahen, Department of Materials and Interfacesthe Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel

29. Flow diagram of an open-cycle liquid desiccant system Courtesy of G. Grossman, Faculty of Mechanical EngineeringTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

30. Sunlight-Concentrating Rooftop Module for Domestic Heat or Electricity Supply Optical Design Rendering Sunlight rays Secondaryconcentrator ReceiverPV or thermal Spherical stationary primary reflector • Stationary spherical collector/concentrator • Diameter ≈ 1-2 m • Tracking secondary concentrator compensates for optical aberrations Courtesy of A. Kribus, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel

31. General view of the sunlight concentrating rooftop system The reflector and tracking mechanism are protected from the environment Courtesy of A. Kribus, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel

32. The ‘Solar Right’ – Development Strategy in Urban Architecture Plans for the new Bizaron business district in Tel-Aviv The structures under the ‘blankets’ do not shadow other buildings, whereas those that are not covered shadow other buildings (e.g. interfere with their ‘Solar Right’ Courtesy of E. Shaviv and coworkers at the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

33. High-Concentration Solar Device for Supplanting Surgical Laser Experimental Unit Courtesy of J. M. Gordon, Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel System illustration

34. Conclusion • Solar is the only renewable energy available in large enough quantity to reduce, or at least lessen the increase use of fossil fuels. • Solar energy, supplemented in time with clean, safe and proliferation-proof nuclear technologies, can provide all of mankind energy for many years. • Large-scale economically competitive solar technologies have been tested and can be commercial in 5-10 years, if development pace is accelerated. • New research can lead to further improvements and widespread applications of solar energy in • Cost-effective electricity generation • Clean fuel production and material synthesis • More efficient and lower-cost solar cells • Various applications for domestic needs (e.g. space cooling and water heating) • Energy saving and improved conditions in urban planning • Medical applications • Biomass gasification and much more…