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Crises of the 14 th Century

Crises of the 14 th Century. Moving pieces, shifting powers. Europe, early 14 th century. Setting the Stage. Feudal society Little Ice Age: 1300-1450 Social and economic effects Physical effects. Quotes on the Black Death.

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Crises of the 14 th Century

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  1. Crises of the 14th Century Moving pieces, shifting powers

  2. Europe, early 14th century

  3. Setting the Stage • Feudal society • Little Ice Age: 1300-1450 • Social and economic effects • Physical effects

  4. Quotes on the Black Death • Boccacio: The victims “ate lunch with their friend and dinner with their ancestors in paradise” • Samuel Pepys: “Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them the people quickly drove the Italians from their city… Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick…Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial.”

  5. The Bubonic Plague A plague victim reveals the telltale buboe(a boil) On his leg. From a 14th Century illumination.

  6. The Black Death • Epidemic Disease Illustration From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411

  7. The Path of the Plague

  8. Consequences for Population • Urban areas • Rural regions • monasteries • Overall population loss: 1/3 of Europe’s population in the first wave

  9. Economic Consequences • The great equalizer • Lack of sufficient law enforcement personnel • Promoted lawlessness • People tried their luck

  10. Economic Consequences • Peasants and artisans • Artisan skills • Price drop • Standard of living • Landlords and serfs • Response of the oppressed poor

  11. Music and Art • Danse Macabre = the dance of death: skeletons mingling with the living (here: Hans Holbein the Younger) • Shocking juxtapositions • Written language almost lost • Coffins had pictures of corpses on the lid • New creativity in motives

  12. The Flagellants • Christians - and an angry Deity. • Bands wandering through towns and countryside • Public penance. Inflicted all kinds of punishment upon themselves • Sacrifice for the sins of the world – like Jesus

  13. Church loses prestige: why>? Revolt against the church Severe shortage of clergy – functioned as nurses and consequently died. Pogroms: The church targeted the Jews for persecution – had killed Jesus and brought sin to the world Religious Consequences

  14. A FAMILY SQUABBLE that led to a 100 year war? Philip IV = elder brother of Charles of Valois Charles IV=sister of Isabella Isabella=married to King Edward II If only males can rule (salic law (agnatic succession), then who gets the crown after Charles IV dies?

  15. 116 years, 68 years relative peace, 44 fighting 5 English monarchs, 5 French monarchs

  16. . A Struggle for National Identity • France was NOT a united country before the war began. • The French king only controlled about half of the country.

  17. Belligerents • House of Valois • FranceScotlandWalesCastileGenoaMajorcaBohemiaCrown of Aragon • House of Plantagenet • EnglandBurgundyAquitaineBrittanyPortugalNavarreFlandersHainautLuxembourgHoly Roman Empire Why do you think some areas in, close to, and around France supported England?

  18. Height of English Dominance

  19. The French “Reconquest” • Even though in 1428 the military and political power seemed firmly in British hands, the French reversed the situation. • In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to raise the English siege of Orleans. • This began the reconquest of the north of France.

  20. Joan of Arc (1412-1432) • She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence. • With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending the “disinheritance”]. • She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell into English hands. • Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432. • She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.

  21. EFFECTS OF THE WAR • GROWTH OF NATIONALISM: PEOPLESTARTED SEEING THEMSELVES AS ENGLISHMEN OR FRENCHMEN • THE GOVERNMENTS TOOK ADVANTAGE AND RAISED TAXES…ENCOURAGES CENTRALIZED STATES—EASIER FOR ENGLAND THAN FRANCE • REPRESENTATIVE CONSENT-ENGLAND PARLIAMENT VS. FRANCE (MULIPLE ASSEMBLIES) (England’s nobles become somewhat of an exception) • NOBILITY INFLUENCE DECLINES

  22. The Great Schism, 1378–1417 • New Criticism of the Papacy • The Great Schism • The Conciliar Movement

  23. Unam Sanctum • Boniface VIII issued a new bull: Unam Sanctum (1302) • Two powers on earth: temporal (earthly) & spiritual (heavenly) • Spiritual Power is ALWAYS higher than temporal • The Pope is ALWAYS higher than kings • Phillip proved this was not true, by kidnapping the pope and applying a medieval beat down • Boniface VIII died less than a year later from the stress

  24. ROME OR AVIGNON? • Pope Boniface VIII • Issued a papal bull (official statement) saying kings may not tax church property (1296 CE) • French King, Philip IV, had been taxing the church to pay for war with England (back to the war, again!) Philip ignored the papal bull Papacy is pressured to move to Avignon by Phillip (1309-1376—Babylonian Capitivity 1377 Pope Gregory XI dies: Urban VI or Clement VII? A Group of 13 French Cardinals sneak away to select a new Pope: Clement VII (Robert of Geneva TA DA!!: 2 Popes! Countries line up behind their pope A great schism indeed: 1378-1417

  25. Pisa, 1409—fed up religious leaders elect a 3rd pope!

  26. Great Schism (1378 – 1417 CE) • Each pope @ ½ power—religious leaders are angry • Conciliar Movement: Popes must bow to councils of clergy leaders Checking the power of the Pope Declining prestige of papacy and authority William of Occam—all governments should be accountable to the governed + church and state should be separate Marsiglio of Padua: the church is now subordinate to the state

  27. Schism: social protest • New Heresies: The Lollards and the Hussites • John Wycliffe • Jan Hus-Bohemia Frustrated Catholics come up with new ideas: “Christ was meek, but the pope sits on his throne and makes lords to kiss his feet” –John Wycliffe Dangerous ideas Christ is head of the church, not a pope Clergy should live as Christ, in poverty Bible is final arbiter of how to live as a Christian Christianity should be taught in the vernacular Hus: agreed with Wycliffe + congregations should receive wine

  28. Council of Constance (1417 CE): Reduces 3 popes down to one (Martin V) Hus, tricked, then burned.

  29. Effects of the Great Schism: • Spiritual • Popes lose power over kings: excommunication not effective • Popes lose spiritual authority • Local clergy left without authority • Lords and bishops lose power Temporal • Kings showed they had more practical power • Catholics grow frustrated with unclear message • New ideas emerge • Christianity moving into the hands of ordinary Christians Criticism and Confusion over Church power will lead to: THE REFORMATION

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