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MSM: 与同性发生性关系的男性: The Once and Future HIV Pandemic 艾滋病病毒扩散演进历史与前景. Willi McFarland, MD, PhD, MPH&TM Willi McFarland, 医学博士、公共卫生与热带医学硕士 San Francisco Department of Public Health 旧金山公共卫生部 Beijing and Qingdao, April 2009 2009 年 4 月北京、青岛. San Francisco, 1981 1981 年旧金山.
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MSM:与同性发生性关系的男性:The Once and Future HIV Pandemic艾滋病病毒扩散演进历史与前景 Willi McFarland, MD, PhD, MPH&TM Willi McFarland, 医学博士、公共卫生与热带医学硕士 San Francisco Department of Public Health 旧金山公共卫生部 Beijing and Qingdao, April 2009 2009 年 4 月北京、青岛
San Francisco, 19811981 年旧金山 Los Angeles, 19811981 年洛杉矶
1981 Europe (France)1981 年欧洲(法国) 1984 Asia (Thailand)1984 年亚洲(泰国) 1980 Middle East (retrospectively)1980 年中东(回顾) Africa’s first HIV cases doubted because not MSM!非洲首例艾滋病病毒感染病例怀疑并非男性与同性发生性关系所致! 1982 South America (Brazil)1982 年南美(巴西) 1982 Australia1982 年澳大利亚 1981 North America: “Gay Cancer”, “Gay Related Immunodeficiency Syndrome”1981 年北美:“男同性恋癌症”,“与男同性恋有关的免疫缺陷综合症”
So what?现状如何?HIV is now predominantly heterosexually transmitted in the world … and among women艾滋病病毒在全世界…以及女性中间通过异性恋大肆传播
70 Sub-Saharan Africa 撒哈拉以南的非洲大陆 60 GLOBAL 全球 50 Percent female (%) 女性百分比 (%) Caribbean 加勒比海 40 Asia 亚洲 30 Latin America 拉丁美洲 20 Eastern Europe & Central Asia 东欧与中亚 10 0 1990 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 2000 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 2007 Percent of adults (15+) living with HIV who are female 1990–2007与女性艾滋病病毒感染者生活之成人比例 (15+) 1990 年-2007 年 US: men are 74% of new cases and rising; MSM are 60% of new cases and rising美国:艾滋病新感染病例中 74% 为男性,并且仍在上升;艾滋病新感染病例中 60% 为与同性发生性关系的男性,并且仍在上升 The contribution of MSM to the global HIV pandemic is under-appreciated与同性发生性关系的男性对于全球艾滋病病毒大肆传播的作用被严重低估
FSW probably less than 0.8% of womenFSW:女性可能低于 0.8% • Clients of FSW 5%-20% of menFSW 病人:男性为 5%-20% • IDU rarely more than 0.7% of adults注射吸毒者:成年人鲜有超过 0.7% • MSM very often 2% to 5% of men与同性发生性关系的男性:往往达 2%-5%
Population data on male same-sex in Asian countries亚洲国家男同性恋者人口数据
Prevalence of life-time male same-sex behavior, Southeast Asia东南亚男性终生同性恋性行为盛行率 Male adolescents Mon and Kayin States 2004 孟邦 (Mon State) 与克伦邦 (Kavin State) 的男性青少年 2004 Yangon and Mandalay 2006 2006 年仰光 (Yangon) 与曼德拉 (Mandalay) 4.5% 18% 14.8% Young males Vientiane 20042004 年万象 (Vientiane ) 的年轻男性 Myanmar: 1% of rural men, 4% of urban men缅甸 (Myanmar):农村男性比例为 1%;城市男性比例为 4% 9% Male adolescents Chiang Mai 20022002 年 清迈 (Chiang Mai ) 男性青少年 16% Military conscripts Thailand 19931993 年泰国应征士兵 National survey Thailand 19901990 年泰国全国性调查 3% Thailand: 500,000 – 1 million MSM泰国:50 - 100 万与同性发生性关系的男性 Indonesia: 300,000 male sex workers印尼:30 万男性性工作者 (Source: Sittitrai, 1993; Nopkesorn, 1996; van Griensven, 2004; van Wijngaarden, 2007, Toole, 2006)(数据来源:Sittitrai, 1993; Nopkesorn, 1996; van Griensven, 2004; van Wijngaarden, 2007, Toole, 2006)
5.3% 2.1% 6.4% 3.3% 0.2% 9.0% 0.3% 5.6% 24.6% 4.5% 7.1% HIV prevalence among MSM in Asian capitals (UNGASS, 2007)亚洲各国首都与同性发生性关系的男性艾滋病病毒感染率 (UNGASS, 2007) 5.2%
Percentage of Adult HIV Prevalence Attributable to MSM与同性发生性关系的男性占成年艾滋病病毒感染者的比例 In low HIV prevalence countries, MSM epidemics contribute substantially to adult prevalence在艾滋病病毒低感染率国家,与同性发生性关系的男性是成年人艾滋病病毒感染的主要促成因素 Bangkok, Thailand:泰国曼谷 (Bangkok): Estimate 3% of men have male-to-male sex估计 3% 的男性与其他男性发生过性关系 HIV prevalence in MSM is 28.3%与同性发生性关系的男性感染艾滋病病毒的比例为 28.3% Adult HIV prevalence is 1.4%成年人感染艾滋病毒的比例为 1.4% Adult HIV Prevalence Attributable to MSM:与同性发生性关系的男性占成年艾滋病病毒感染者的比例: (0.03/2)*28.3/1.4 = 30.3% (from Tim Brown)(作者:Tim Brown)
Asian Epidemic Model亚洲流行病模型 MSM projected to soon be the predominant population for HIV/AIDS cases in Thailand预计与同性发生性关系的男性不久之后将成为泰国艾滋病病毒/艾滋病感染病例的主要人群 (from Tim Brown) (作者:Tim Brown)
Percentage of Adult HIV Prevalence Attributable to MSM in South East Asian Cities, 2005 – 2006与同性发生性关系的男性占东南亚各城市成年艾滋病毒感染者的比例 Prevalence (%)盛行率 (%) % MSM of adults成年艾滋病感染者中与同性发生性关系的男性比例 (UNAIDS, 2006; MMWR, 2006; Ma et al, 2006; Phalkun et al, 2006; FHI, 2006; UNFPA, 2006)
HIV prevalence among MSM in Bangkok曼谷与同性发生性关系的男性艾滋病毒感染率 % infected感染率 2007 2005 2001 2003 From Frits van Griensven (UCSF and US CDC Thailand)资料取自 Frits van Griensven (加州大学旧金山分校与美国疾病预防控制中心泰国办事处)
HIV prevalence among MSM in Beijing北京与同性发生性关系的男性艾滋病毒感染率 % infected感染率 2004 2005 2006 Xiaoyan Ma (Beijing CDC )马晓燕(北京疾病预防控制中心)
Reported Cases of HIV/AIDS by Transmission Category, Chongqing, 2004 – 2007重庆艾滋病病毒/艾滋病感染病例传播类别,2004 年 - 2007 年
HIV Incidence Estimates among MSM, Chongqing, 2006 - 2008 重庆与同性发生性关系的男性艾滋病发病率估值,2006 年 - 2008 年 HIV prevalence and HIV incidence are accelerating!艾滋病病毒感染率与发病率正在加速上升 # cases estimated using GF5 MSM population size estimate # 利用 GF5 与同性发生性关系的男性人群规模估计进行病例估计
Not enough prevention tools for MSM针对与同性发生性关系的男性的艾滋病预防措施不足 *Preliminary, 2 others caused harm*准备工作,其它两项措施已造成伤害
Interventions with behavioral outcomes对行为结果的干预 57 RCTs with evidence of reducing risk behavior (level 1, highest level of evidence):57 项随机对照试验显示可显著减低高危行为(1 级,最高证据级别) Heterosexuals: 35异性恋:35 IDU: 13注射吸毒者:13 MSM: 9与同性发生性关系的男性:9 MSM are 60% of our cases, yet 16% of our evidence base与同性发生性关系的男性占所有感染病例的 60%,但提供证据比例为 16%。
67% 38% 47% 13% 26% 19% 100% Percent of MSM reached by prevention programs (UNGASS, 2007)参与预防计划的与同性发生性关系的男性比例(UNGASS, 2007) 40%
60% 38% 33% 30% 6% 16% 5% 16% (San Francisco 78% in last 6 months)(旧金山,78%,过去 6 个月) 35% 58% 14% 100% MSM testing in last 12 months and got results (UNGASS, 2007)过去 12 个月参与检测并获得结果的与同性发生性关系的男性比例(UNGASS, 2007) 47% 32%
The Coming Endemic即将出现的地方特性 First wave 第一波 Second wave 第二波 Endemic 地方特性 New HIV infections among MSM in San Francisco 旧金山与同性发生性关系的男性艾滋病毒新感染病例
Stabilization = Relentless Inevitability:MSM with HIV Incidence of 1.9%稳定性=无情的必然性:与同性发生性关系的男性艾滋病毒发病率达 1.9% 60% by 60 years60 岁感染率 60% 45% by 45 years 45 岁感染率 45%
Conclusions结论 MSM were part of the HIV epidemics of Asia from the very beginning与同性发生性关系的男性从一开始就是亚洲艾滋病蔓延的促成因素 They will be the predominant part of HIV epidemics in Asia for many years to come (I predict)(我预测)他们将成为未来亚洲艾滋病蔓延的主要人群
Conclusions结论 The current reach, intensity, efficacy, and appropriateness of prevention for MSM in Asia is not sufficient to reverse the trends当前针对亚洲与同性发生性关系的男性艾滋病预防措施的范围、强度、效力与适当性不足以扭转趋势 Yet, it is not too late但犹未为晚 Including for China中国亦是如此 China is acting中国正在采取措施预防艾滋病的蔓延