1 / 30

Crime Science

Crime Science. Marianne Junger. [Cla09] R. V. Clarke. Crime science. In E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn , editors, Handbook of Criminal Theory, pages 271-283. Sage, London, 2009. http:// www.sagepub.com/books/Book228876. Contents. Origins of crime Theories of Crime Science

iram
Download Presentation

Crime Science

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Crime Science Marianne Junger [Cla09] R. V. Clarke. Crime science. In E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn, editors, Handbook of Criminal Theory, pages 271-283. Sage, London, 2009. http://www.sagepub.com/books/Book228876

  2. Contents • Origins of crime • Theories of Crime Science • Situational Crime Prevention Cyber-crime Science

  3. Origins of crime Cyber-crime Science

  4. Two essential and different factors • Person factors (criminality) • Situations (crime) Cyber-crime Science

  5. Person factors • Crime is ‘natural behavior’ • Everybody has the potential • Some more than others… • How do I know? Indirect evidence Cyber-crime Science

  6. Physical Aggression of Toddlers [Ake07] C. van Aken, M. Junger, M. Verhoeven, M. A. G. van Aken, and M. Dekovic. Externalizing behaviors and minor unintentional injuries in toddlers: Common risk factors? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(2):230-244, Mar 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsj118 Cyber-crime Science

  7. Malleability of behaviour is limited [Hec06] J. J. Heckman. Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science, 312(5782):1900-1902, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/428598a Cyber-crime Science

  8. Theories of crime science [Cla09] R. V. Clarke. Crime science. In E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn, editors, Handbook of Criminal Theory, pages 271-283. Sage, London, 2009. http://www.sagepub.com/books/Book228876 Cyber-crime Science

  9. Crime science • Crime Science is incident oriented • Purpose: understand the modus operandi of crime • Goal: prevention • Basis: Rational choice, Opportunity theory & Routine Activities • Means: Situational crime prevention • Practice: Measure effectiveness and efficiency Cyber-crime Science

  10. Rational choice perspective • Criminality is goal oriented behaviour • Based on a rational decision • Crime specific • Crime scripts • In sociology, psychology, economy, biology, public health etc [Cor08] D. B. Cornish and R. V. Clarke. The rational choice perspective. In R. Wortley and L. Mazerolle, editors, Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, pages 21-47. Willan Publishing, Uffculme, UK, 2008. http://www.willanpublishing.co.uk/cgi-bin/indexer?product=9781843922803 Cyber-crime Science

  11. Theoretical foundation • Routine Activity Approach • crime occurs when a potential offender meets with a suitable target in the absence of a capable guardian. • Crime Pattern theory • crime is concentrated at particular places (hot spots), targets the same victims repeatedly, (repeat victimisation), and selects hot products. • Rational choice perspective • criminals make a bounded rational choice judging risks and benefits. Crime Opp. Every day life Society Cyber-crime Science

  12. Opportunity theory • Crime is the outcome of the interaction between dispositions and situations • Crime is the product of choice • Crime specific focus essential for effective prevention • Crime is heavily concentrated • Crime can be reduced by environmental changes [Fel98] M. Felson and R. V. Clarke. Opportunity makes the thief: Practical theory for crime prevention. Police Research Series Paper 98, Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, London, 1998. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/fprs98.pdf Cyber-crime Science

  13. Wealth paradox • Wealth presents opportunity • More to steal in houses • Less surveillance • More wealth hence more crime [Coh79] L. E. Cohen and M. Felson. Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4):588-608, Aug 1979. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2094589 Cyber-crime Science

  14. Crime triangle Cyber-crime Science

  15. Opportunity correlates [Pea04] H. Pearson. Public health: The demon drink. Nature, 428:598-600, Apr 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/428598a Cyber-crime Science

  16. Situational crime prevention [Cla08] R. V. Clarke. Situational crime prevention. In R. Wortley and L. Mazerolle, editors, Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, pages 178-194. Willan Publishing, London, Jun 2008. http://www.routledge.com/9781843922803

  17. Situational crime prevention • Based on the theories of Crime Science • A standard methodology based on experiments and action research. • A set of opportunity-reducing techniques. • A body of evaluated practice including studies of displacement. Cyber-crime Science

  18. Experiments and action Research 4 2,3 5 1 [Lay04] G. Laycock. The UK car theft index: An example of government leverage. In Understanding and Preventing Car Theft, Crime Prevention Studies 17, pages 25-44. Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, New York, 2004 Cyber-crime Science

  19. Opportunity reducing techniques • Increase effort • Time, skills • Increase risks • Of getting caught, failure, loosing resources • Reduce rewards • So that the offender has less benefits after the crime • Reduce provocation • So that the offender is less tempted to start • Remove excuses • So that the offender cannot justify the crime Cyber-crime Science

  20. Practical examples Cyber-crime Science

  21. Increase effort: alley gating [Bow04a] K. J. Bowers, S. D. Johnson, and A. F. G. Hirschfield. Closing off opportunities for crime: An evaluation of Alley-Gating. European J. on Criminal Policy and Research, 10(4):285-308, Sep 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-005-5502-0 Cyber-crime Science

  22. Increase risks: surveillance Cyber-crime Science

  23. Reduce rewards: RFID tags Cyber-crime Science

  24. Reduce provocations: Flyers [Kei08] K. Keizer, S. Lindenberg, and L. Steg. The spreading of disorder. Science, 322(5908):1681-1685, Dec 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1161405 Cyber-crime Science

  25. Remove excuses: Eyes Pounds paid per litre of milk consumed as a function of week and image type. [Bat06] M. Bateson, D. Nettle, and G. Roberts. Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2(3):412-414, Sep 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0509 Cyber-crime Science

  26. Cyber-crime Science

  27. Displacement? • Detoxification of gas in UK households [Cla88b] R. V. Clarke and P. Mayhew. The British gas suicide story and its criminological implications. Crime and Justice, 10:79-116, 1988. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1147403 Cyber-crime Science

  28. Diffusion of benefits • Diffusion of benefits: • Examples • Alley gating… • Tagging of expensive electronic products in shops Cyber-crime Science

  29. Discussion • This was ‘normal’ crime…. • See for a large collection of examples http://www.popcenter.org/ • What about cyber opportunities? Cyber-crime Science

  30. Conclusions • Origins of crime: interaction “person by situation” • Importance of situations : wealth, alcohol • Theories of crime science: RA, RCM, opportunities • A standard methodology: experiments/policies. • A set of opportunity-reducing techniques: this helps! • A body of evaluated practice including studies of displacement. Cyber-crime Science

More Related