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Announcements 1/28/11

Announcements 1/28/11. Prayer HW 8: one with invalid CID Lab 2 due tomorrow Exam 1 starts in a week and a half. Special Processes: Review. Constant volume (isovolumetric) Constant pressure (isobaric) Constant temperature (isothermal) No heat added (adiabatic) General process?

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Announcements 1/28/11

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  1. Announcements 1/28/11 • Prayer • HW 8: one with invalid CID • Lab 2 due tomorrow • Exam 1 starts in a week and a half

  2. Special Processes: Review • Constant volume (isovolumetric) • Constant pressure (isobaric) • Constant temperature (isothermal) • No heat added (adiabatic) • General process? • Eint = ? • Won gas = ? • Qadded = ? P B A V

  3. P State 1 V Last Special Case: Cyclical Processes • Eint = ? • net Wby gas or Won gas? |W| = ? • Qadded = ?

  4. work heat in (higher T) engine exhaust out (lower T) Engines: Energy Transformation • Qin = work by gas + Qout • Notation: Qh, Qc, Th, Tc, |W| • Qh = |W| + Qc

  5. Heat Engine Example a (a) - piston at room temp and atmospheric pressure P V

  6. Heat Engine Example (a-b) - gas heated to keep volume b constant as cart rolls onto piston P a V

  7. Heat Engine Example c (b-c) - gas heated to increase b volume and lift P the cart a V

  8. Heat Engine Example (c-d) - gas cooled to keep volume constant at cart rolls off piston d c b P a V

  9. Heat Engine Example c b (d-a) - gas P cooled to reduce volume d back to initial a level V

  10. Efficiency • How good is your engine? • Definition

  11. Worked Problem • A car engine produces 5000 W of power, at 20 cycles/second. Its efficiency is 20%. What are |W|, Qh, and Qc per cycle? • What do those quantities represent?

  12. Reading Quiz (graded) • What is the name we use for the cycle which models how a gas engine works? • Carnot cycle • Brayton cycle • Diesel cycle • Otto cycle • Tri cycle

  13. Otto Cycle: Gas Engines • (Starting at 2) Piston is compressed quickly • Heat is then added quickly by igniting fuel (const volume) • Piston then expands quickly • Heat is then expelled quickly (by getting rid of old air) → In our approxi-mation we pretend like same air is reused Image credit: http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/otto.html “Compression ratio” r = Vmax/Vmin Derived in book:

  14. Thought Question • If I replaced all of the nitrogen (N2) in the air with carbon dioxide (CO2), what do you think would happen to the efficiency of car engines? • They would get more efficient • They would get less efficient • The efficiency would not change

  15. Diesel Cycle: Diesel Engines • What’s the main difference between gas and diesel engines? • Change to our PV-diagram model • Diesel cycle details… done in HW problem

  16. Worked problem: Class designed • Make up a “three-legged cycle”. • What is the efficiency of this cycle? • Game plan: • Calculate Q for each leg • Calculate Qin, Qout, |W| • e = |W|/Qin • [Next class period: Test to make sure e < emax]

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